compiled.py

# Copyright 2013 by Richard Olsson
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Default routing engine."""

from collections import UserDict
from inspect import iscoroutinefunction
import keyword
import re
from threading import Lock
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

from falcon.routing import converters
from falcon.routing.util import map_http_methods
from falcon.routing.util import set_default_responders
from falcon.util.misc import is_python_func
from falcon.util.sync import _should_wrap_non_coroutines
from falcon.util.sync import wrap_sync_to_async

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing import Any  # NOQA: F401

_TAB_STR = ' ' * 4
_FIELD_PATTERN = re.compile(
    # NOTE(kgriffs): This disallows the use of the '}' character within
    # an argstr. However, we don't really have a way of escaping
    # curly brackets in URI templates at the moment, so users should
    # see this as a similar restriction and so somewhat unsurprising.
    #
    # We may want to create a contextual parser at some point to
    # work around this problem.
    r'{((?P<fname>[^}:]*)((?P<cname_sep>:(?P<cname>[^}\(]*))(\((?P<argstr>[^}]*)\))?)?)}'  # noqa E501
)
_IDENTIFIER_PATTERN = re.compile('[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$')


class CompiledRouter:
    """Fast URI router which compiles its routing logic to Python code.

    Generally you do not need to use this router class directly, as an
    instance is created by default when the falcon.App class is initialized.

    The router treats URI paths as a tree of URI segments and searches by
    checking the URI one segment at a time. Instead of interpreting the route
    tree for each look-up, it generates inlined, bespoke Python code to
    perform the search, then compiles that code. This makes the route
    processing quite fast.

    The compilation process is delayed until the first use of the router (on the
    first routed request) to reduce the time it takes to start the application.
    This may noticeably delay the first response of the application when a large
    number of routes have been added. When adding the last route
    to the application a `compile` flag may be provided to force the router
    to compile immediately, thus avoiding any delay for the first response.

    Note:
        When using a multi-threaded web server to host the application, it is
        possible that multiple requests may be routed at the same time upon
        startup. Therefore, the framework employs a lock to ensure that only a
        single compilation of the decision tree is performed.

    See also :meth:`.CompiledRouter.add_route`
    """

    __slots__ = (
        '_ast',
        '_converter_map',
        '_converters',
        '_find',
        '_finder_src',
        '_options',
        '_patterns',
        '_return_values',
        '_roots',
        '_compile_lock',
    )

    def __init__(self):
        self._ast = None
        self._converters = None
        self._finder_src = None

        self._options = CompiledRouterOptions()

        # PERF(kgriffs): This is usually an anti-pattern, but we do it
        # here to reduce lookup time.
        self._converter_map = self._options.converters.data

        self._patterns = None
        self._return_values = None
        self._roots = []

        # NOTE(caselit): set _find to the delayed compile method to ensure that
        # compile is called when the router is first used
        self._find = self._compile_and_find
        self._compile_lock = Lock()

    @property
    def options(self):
        return self._options

    @property
    def finder_src(self):
        # NOTE(caselit): ensure that the router is actually compiled before
        # returning the finder source, since the current value may be out of
        # date
        self.find('/')
        return self._finder_src

    def map_http_methods(self, resource, **kwargs):
        """Map HTTP methods (e.g., GET, POST) to methods of a resource object.

        This method is called from :meth:`~.add_route` and may be overridden to
        provide a custom mapping strategy.

        Args:
            resource (instance): Object which represents a REST resource.
                The default maps the HTTP method ``GET`` to ``on_get()``,
                ``POST`` to ``on_post()``, etc. If any HTTP methods are not
                supported by your resource, simply don't define the
                corresponding request handlers, and Falcon will do the right
                thing.

        Keyword Args:
            suffix (str): Optional responder name suffix for this route. If
                a suffix is provided, Falcon will map GET requests to
                ``on_get_{suffix}()``, POST requests to ``on_post_{suffix}()``,
                etc. In this way, multiple closely-related routes can be
                mapped to the same resource. For example, a single resource
                class can use suffixed responders to distinguish requests
                for a single item vs. a collection of those same items.
                Another class might use a suffixed responder to handle
                a shortlink route in addition to the regular route for the
                resource.
        """

        return map_http_methods(resource, suffix=kwargs.get('suffix', None))

    def add_route(self, uri_template, resource, **kwargs):  # noqa: C901
        """Add a route between a URI path template and a resource.

        This method may be overridden to customize how a route is added.

        Args:
            uri_template (str): A URI template to use for the route
            resource (object): The resource instance to associate with
                the URI template.

        Keyword Args:
            suffix (str): Optional responder name suffix for this route. If
                a suffix is provided, Falcon will map GET requests to
                ``on_get_{suffix}()``, POST requests to ``on_post_{suffix}()``,
                etc. In this way, multiple closely-related routes can be
                mapped to the same resource. For example, a single resource
                class can use suffixed responders to distinguish requests
                for a single item vs. a collection of those same items.
                Another class might use a suffixed responder to handle
                a shortlink route in addition to the regular route for the
                resource.
            compile (bool): Optional flag that can be used to compile the
                routing logic on this call. By default, :class:`.CompiledRouter`
                delays compilation until the first request is routed. This may
                introduce a noticeable amount of latency when handling the first
                request, especially when the application implements a large
                number of routes. Setting `compile` to ``True`` when the last
                route is added ensures that the first request will not be
                delayed in this case (defaults to ``False``).

                Note:
                    Always setting this flag to ``True`` may slow down the
                    addition of new routes when hundreds of them are added at
                    once. It is advisable to only set this flag to ``True`` when
                    adding the final route.
        """

        # NOTE(kgriffs): falcon.asgi.App injects this private kwarg; it is
        #   only intended to be used internally.
        asgi = kwargs.get('_asgi', False)

        method_map = self.map_http_methods(resource, **kwargs)

        set_default_responders(method_map, asgi=asgi)

        if asgi:
            self._require_coroutine_responders(method_map)
        else:
            self._require_non_coroutine_responders(method_map)

        # NOTE(kgriffs): Fields may have whitespace in them, so sub
        # those before checking the rest of the URI template.
        if re.search(r'\s', _FIELD_PATTERN.sub('{FIELD}', uri_template)):
            raise UnacceptableRouteError('URI templates may not include whitespace.')

        path = uri_template.lstrip('/').split('/')

        used_names = set()
        for segment in path:
            self._validate_template_segment(segment, used_names)

        def find_cmp_converter(node):
            value = [
                (field, converter)
                for field, converter, _ in node.var_converter_map
                if converters._consumes_multiple_segments(
                    self._converter_map[converter]
                )
            ]
            if value:
                return value[0]
            else:
                return None

        def insert(nodes, path_index=0):
            for node in nodes:
                segment = path[path_index]
                if node.matches(segment):
                    path_index += 1
                    if path_index == len(path):
                        # NOTE(kgriffs): Override previous node
                        node.method_map = method_map
                        node.resource = resource
                        node.uri_template = uri_template
                    else:
                        cpc = find_cmp_converter(node)
                        if cpc:
                            raise UnacceptableRouteError(
                                _NO_CHILDREN_ERR.format(uri_template, *cpc)
                            )
                        insert(node.children, path_index)

                    return

                if node.conflicts_with(segment):
                    raise UnacceptableRouteError(
                        'The URI template for this route is inconsistent or conflicts '
                        "with another route's template. This is usually caused by "
                        'configuring a field converter differently for the same field '
                        'in two different routes, or by using different field names '
                        "at the same level in the path (e.g.,'/parents/{id}' and "
                        "'/parents/{parent_id}/children')"
                    )

            # NOTE(richardolsson): If we got this far, the node doesn't already
            # exist and needs to be created. This builds a new branch of the
            # routing tree recursively until it reaches the new node leaf.
            new_node = CompiledRouterNode(path[path_index])
            if new_node.is_complex:
                cpc = find_cmp_converter(new_node)
                if cpc:
                    raise UnacceptableRouteError(
                        'Cannot use converter "{1}" of variable "{0}" in a template '
                        'that includes other characters or variables.'.format(*cpc)
                    )
            nodes.append(new_node)
            if path_index == len(path) - 1:
                new_node.method_map = method_map
                new_node.resource = resource
                new_node.uri_template = uri_template
            else:
                cpc = find_cmp_converter(new_node)
                if cpc:
                    # NOTE(caselit): assume success and remove the node if it's not
                    # supported to avoid leaving the router in a broken state.
                    nodes.remove(new_node)
                    raise UnacceptableRouteError(
                        _NO_CHILDREN_ERR.format(uri_template, *cpc)
                    )
                insert(new_node.children, path_index + 1)

        insert(self._roots)
        # NOTE(caselit): when compile is True run the actual compile step, otherwise
        # reset the _find, so that _compile will be called on the next find use
        if kwargs.get('compile', False):
            self._find = self._compile()
        else:
            self._find = self._compile_and_find

    def find(self, uri, req=None):
        """Search for a route that matches the given partial URI.

        Args:
            uri(str): The requested path to route.

        Keyword Args:
            req: The :class:`falcon.Request` or :class:`falcon.asgi.Request`
                object that will be passed to the routed responder. Currently
                the value of this argument is ignored by
                :class:`~.CompiledRouter`. Routing is based solely on the path.

        Returns:
            tuple: A 4-member tuple composed of (resource, method_map,
            params, uri_template), or ``None`` if no route matches
            the requested path.
        """

        path = uri.lstrip('/').split('/')
        params = {}
        node = self._find(
            path, self._return_values, self._patterns, self._converters, params
        )

        if node is not None:
            return node.resource, node.method_map, params, node.uri_template
        else:
            return None

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Private
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------

    def _require_coroutine_responders(self, method_map):
        for method, responder in method_map.items():
            # NOTE(kgriffs): We don't simply wrap non-async functions
            #   since they likely perform relatively long blocking
            #   operations that need to be explicitly made non-blocking
            #   by the developer; raising an error helps highlight this
            #   issue.
            if not iscoroutinefunction(responder) and is_python_func(responder):
                if _should_wrap_non_coroutines():

                    def let(responder=responder):
                        method_map[method] = wrap_sync_to_async(responder)

                    let()

                else:
                    msg = (
                        'The {} responder must be a non-blocking '
                        'async coroutine (i.e., defined using async def) to '
                        'avoid blocking the main request thread.'
                    )
                    msg = msg.format(responder)
                    raise TypeError(msg)

    def _require_non_coroutine_responders(self, method_map):
        for method, responder in method_map.items():
            # NOTE(kgriffs): We don't simply wrap non-async functions
            #   since they likely perform relatively long blocking
            #   operations that need to be explicitly made non-blocking
            #   by the developer; raising an error helps highlight this
            #   issue.

            if iscoroutinefunction(responder):
                msg = (
                    'The {} responder must be a regular synchronous '
                    'method to be used with a WSGI app.'
                )
                msg = msg.format(responder)
                raise TypeError(msg)

    def _validate_template_segment(self, segment, used_names):
        """Validate a single path segment of a URI template.

        1. Ensure field names are valid Python identifiers, since they
           will be passed as kwargs to responders.
        2. Check that there are no duplicate names, since that causes
           (at least) the following problems:

              a. For simple nodes, values from deeper nodes overwrite
                 values from more shallow nodes.
              b. For complex nodes, re.compile() raises a nasty error
        3. Check that when the converter syntax is used, the named
           converter exists.
        """

        for field in _FIELD_PATTERN.finditer(segment):
            name = field.group('fname')

            is_identifier = _IDENTIFIER_PATTERN.match(name)
            if not is_identifier or name in keyword.kwlist:
                msg_template = (
                    'Field names must be valid identifiers ("{0}" is not valid)'
                )
                msg = msg_template.format(name)
                raise UnacceptableRouteError(msg)

            if name in used_names:
                msg_template = (
                    'Field names may not be duplicated '
                    '("{0}" was used more than once)'
                )
                msg = msg_template.format(name)
                raise UnacceptableRouteError(msg)

            used_names.add(name)

            if field.group('cname_sep') == ':':
                msg = 'Missing converter for field "{0}"'.format(name)
                raise UnacceptableRouteError(msg)

            name = field.group('cname')
            if name:
                if name not in self._converter_map:
                    msg = 'Unknown converter: "{0}"'.format(name)
                    raise UnacceptableRouteError(msg)
                try:
                    self._instantiate_converter(
                        self._converter_map[name], field.group('argstr')
                    )
                except Exception as e:
                    msg = 'Cannot instantiate converter "{}"'.format(name)
                    raise UnacceptableRouteError(msg) from e

    def _generate_ast(  # noqa: C901
        self,
        nodes: list,
        parent,
        return_values: list,
        patterns: list,
        params_stack: list,
        level=0,
        fast_return=True,
    ):
        """Generate a coarse AST for the router."""
        # NOTE(caselit): setting of the parameters in the params dict is delayed until
        # a match has been found by adding them to the param_stack. This way superfluous
        # parameters are not set to the params dict while descending on branches that
        # ultimately do not match.

        # NOTE(kgriffs): Base case
        if not nodes:
            return

        outer_parent = _CxIfPathLength('>', level)
        parent.append_child(outer_parent)
        parent = outer_parent

        found_simple = False

        # NOTE(kgriffs & philiptzou): Sort nodes in this sequence:
        # static nodes(0), complex var nodes(1) and simple var nodes(2).
        # so that none of them get masked.
        nodes = sorted(
            nodes, key=lambda node: node.is_var + (node.is_var and not node.is_complex)
        )

        # NOTE(kgriffs): Down to this branch in the tree, we can do a
        # fast 'return None'. See if the nodes at this branch are
        # all still simple, meaning there is only one possible path.
        if fast_return:
            if len(nodes) > 1:
                # NOTE(kgriffs): There's the possibility of more than
                # one path.
                var_nodes = [node for node in nodes if node.is_var]
                found_var_nodes = bool(var_nodes)

                fast_return = not found_var_nodes

        construct = None  # type: Any
        setter = None  # type: Any
        original_params_stack = params_stack.copy()
        for node in nodes:
            params_stack = original_params_stack.copy()
            consume_multiple_segments = False
            if node.is_var:
                if node.is_complex:
                    # NOTE(richardolsson): Complex nodes are nodes which
                    # contain anything more than a single literal or variable,
                    # and they need to be checked using a pre-compiled regular
                    # expression.
                    assert node.var_pattern
                    pattern_idx = len(patterns)
                    patterns.append(node.var_pattern)

                    construct = _CxIfPathSegmentPattern(
                        level, pattern_idx, node.var_pattern.pattern
                    )
                    parent.append_child(construct)
                    parent = construct

                    if node.var_converter_map:
                        parent.append_child(_CxPrefetchGroupsFromPatternMatch())
                        parent = self._generate_conversion_ast(
                            parent, node, params_stack
                        )

                    else:
                        construct = _CxVariableFromPatternMatch(len(params_stack) + 1)
                        setter = _CxSetParamsFromDict(construct.dict_variable_name)
                        params_stack.append(setter)
                        parent.append_child(construct)

                else:
                    # NOTE(kgriffs): Simple nodes just capture the entire path
                    # segment as the value for the param.

                    if node.var_converter_map:
                        assert len(node.var_converter_map) == 1

                        field_name = node.var_name
                        __, converter_name, converter_argstr = node.var_converter_map[0]
                        converter_class = self._converter_map[converter_name]

                        converter_obj = self._instantiate_converter(
                            converter_class, converter_argstr
                        )
                        converter_idx = len(self._converters)
                        self._converters.append(converter_obj)
                        if converters._consumes_multiple_segments(converter_obj):
                            consume_multiple_segments = True
                            parent.append_child(_CxSetFragmentFromRemainingPaths(level))
                        else:
                            parent.append_child(_CxSetFragmentFromPath(level))

                        construct = _CxIfConverterField(
                            len(params_stack) + 1, converter_idx
                        )
                        setter = _CxSetParamFromValue(
                            field_name, construct.field_variable_name
                        )
                        params_stack.append(setter)

                        parent.append_child(construct)
                        parent = construct
                    else:
                        params_stack.append(_CxSetParamFromPath(node.var_name, level))

                    # NOTE(kgriffs): We don't allow multiple simple var nodes
                    # to exist at the same level, e.g.:
                    #
                    #   /foo/{id}/bar
                    #   /foo/{name}/bar
                    #
                    _found_nodes = [
                        _node
                        for _node in nodes
                        if _node.is_var and not _node.is_complex
                    ]
                    assert len(_found_nodes) == 1
                    found_simple = True

            else:
                # NOTE(kgriffs): Not a param, so must match exactly
                construct = _CxIfPathSegmentLiteral(level, node.raw_segment)
                parent.append_child(construct)
                parent = construct

            if node.resource is not None:
                # NOTE(kgriffs): This is a valid route, so we will want to
                # return the relevant information.
                resource_idx = len(return_values)
                return_values.append(node)

            assert not (consume_multiple_segments and node.children)

            self._generate_ast(
                node.children,
                parent,
                return_values,
                patterns,
                params_stack.copy(),
                level + 1,
                fast_return,
            )

            if node.resource is None:
                if fast_return:
                    parent.append_child(_CxReturnNone())
            else:
                if consume_multiple_segments:
                    for params in params_stack:
                        parent.append_child(params)
                    parent.append_child(_CxReturnValue(resource_idx))
                else:
                    # NOTE(kgriffs): Make sure that we have consumed all of
                    # the segments for the requested route; otherwise we could
                    # mistakenly match "/foo/23/bar" against "/foo/{id}".
                    construct = _CxIfPathLength('==', level + 1)
                    for params in params_stack:
                        construct.append_child(params)
                    construct.append_child(_CxReturnValue(resource_idx))
                    parent.append_child(construct)

                    if fast_return:
                        parent.append_child(_CxReturnNone())

            parent = outer_parent

        if not found_simple and fast_return:
            parent.append_child(_CxReturnNone())

    def _generate_conversion_ast(
        self, parent, node: 'CompiledRouterNode', params_stack: list
    ):
        construct = None  # type: Any
        setter = None  # type: Any
        # NOTE(kgriffs): Unroll the converter loop into
        # a series of nested "if" constructs.
        for field_name, converter_name, converter_argstr in node.var_converter_map:
            converter_class = self._converter_map[converter_name]
            assert not converters._consumes_multiple_segments(converter_class)

            converter_obj = self._instantiate_converter(
                converter_class, converter_argstr
            )
            converter_idx = len(self._converters)
            self._converters.append(converter_obj)

            parent.append_child(_CxSetFragmentFromField(field_name))

            construct = _CxIfConverterField(len(params_stack) + 1, converter_idx)
            setter = _CxSetParamFromValue(field_name, construct.field_variable_name)
            params_stack.append(setter)

            parent.append_child(construct)
            parent = construct

        # NOTE(kgriffs): Add remaining fields that were not
        # converted, if any.
        if node.num_fields > len(node.var_converter_map):
            construct = _CxVariableFromPatternMatchPrefetched(len(params_stack) + 1)
            setter = _CxSetParamsFromDict(construct.dict_variable_name)
            params_stack.append(setter)
            parent.append_child(construct)

        return parent

    def _compile(self):
        """Generate Python code for the entire routing tree.

        The generated code is compiled and the resulting Python method
        is returned.
        """

        src_lines = [
            'def find(path, return_values, patterns, converters, params):',
            _TAB_STR + 'path_len = len(path)',
        ]

        self._return_values = []
        self._patterns = []
        self._converters = []

        self._ast = _CxParent()
        self._generate_ast(
            self._roots, self._ast, self._return_values, self._patterns, params_stack=[]
        )

        src_lines.append(self._ast.src(0))

        src_lines.append(
            # PERF(kgriffs): Explicit return of None is faster than implicit
            _TAB_STR + 'return None'
        )

        self._finder_src = '\n'.join(src_lines)

        scope = {}
        exec(compile(self._finder_src, '<string>', 'exec'), scope)

        return scope['find']

    def _instantiate_converter(self, klass, argstr=None):
        if argstr is None:
            return klass()

        # NOTE(kgriffs): Don't try this at home. ;)
        src = '{0}({1})'.format(klass.__name__, argstr)
        return eval(src, {klass.__name__: klass})

    def _compile_and_find(self, path, _return_values, _patterns, _converters, params):
        """Compile the router, set the `_find` attribute and return its result.

        This method is set to the `_find` attribute to delay the compilation of the
        router until it's used for the first time. Subsequent calls to `_find` will
        be processed by the actual routing function.
        This method must have the same signature as the function returned by the
        :meth:`.CompiledRouter._compile`.
        """
        with self._compile_lock:
            if self._find == self._compile_and_find:
                # NOTE(caselit): replace the find with the result of the
                # router compilation
                self._find = self._compile()
        # NOTE(caselit): return_values, patterns, converters are reset by the _compile
        # method, so the updated ones must be used
        return self._find(
            path, self._return_values, self._patterns, self._converters, params
        )


_NO_CHILDREN_ERR = (
    'Cannot add route with template "{0}". Field name "{1}" '
    'uses the converter "{2}" that will consume all the path, '
    'making it impossible to match this route.'
)


class UnacceptableRouteError(ValueError):
    """Error raised by ``add_error`` when a route is not acceptable."""


class CompiledRouterNode:
    """Represents a single URI segment in a URI."""

    def __init__(self, raw_segment, method_map=None, resource=None, uri_template=None):
        self.children = []

        self.raw_segment = raw_segment
        self.method_map = method_map
        self.resource = resource
        self.uri_template = uri_template

        self.is_var = False
        self.is_complex = False
        self.num_fields = 0

        # TODO(kgriffs): Rename these since the docs talk about "fields"
        # or "field expressions", not "vars" or "variables".
        self.var_name = None
        self.var_pattern = None
        self.var_converter_map = []

        # NOTE(kgriffs): CompiledRouter.add_route validates field names,
        # so here we can just assume they are OK and use the simple
        # _FIELD_PATTERN to match them.
        matches = list(_FIELD_PATTERN.finditer(raw_segment))

        if not matches:
            self.is_var = False
        else:
            self.is_var = True
            self.num_fields = len(matches)

            for field in matches:
                # NOTE(kgriffs): We already validated the field
                # expression to disallow blank converter names, or names
                # that don't match a known converter, so if a name is
                # given, we can just go ahead and use it.
                if field.group('cname'):
                    self.var_converter_map.append(
                        (
                            field.group('fname'),
                            field.group('cname'),
                            field.group('argstr'),
                        )
                    )

            if matches[0].span() == (0, len(raw_segment)):
                # NOTE(kgriffs): Single field, spans entire segment
                assert len(matches) == 1

                # TODO(kgriffs): It is not "complex" because it only
                # contains a single field. Rename this variable to make
                # it more descriptive.
                self.is_complex = False

                field = matches[0]
                self.var_name = field.group('fname')

            else:
                # NOTE(richardolsson): Complex segments need to be
                # converted into regular expressions in order to match
                # and extract variable values. The regular expressions
                # contain both literal spans and named group expressions
                # for the variables.

                # NOTE(kgriffs): Don't use re.escape() since we do not
                # want to escape '{' or '}', and we don't want to
                # introduce any unexpected side-effects by escaping
                # non-ASCII characters (it is probably safe, but let's
                # not take that chance in a minor point release).
                #
                # NOTE(kgriffs): The substitution template parser in the
                # re library does not look ahead when collapsing '\\':
                # therefore in the case of r'\\g<0>' the first r'\\'
                # would be consumed and collapsed to r'\', and then the
                # parser would examine 'g<0>' and not realize it is a
                # group-escape sequence. So we add an extra backslash to
                # trick the parser into doing the right thing.
                escaped_segment = re.sub(
                    r'[\.\(\)\[\]\?\$\*\+\^\|]', r'\\\g<0>', raw_segment
                )

                pattern_text = _FIELD_PATTERN.sub(r'(?P<\2>.+)', escaped_segment)
                pattern_text = '^' + pattern_text + '$'

                self.is_complex = True
                self.var_pattern = re.compile(pattern_text)

        if self.is_complex:
            assert self.is_var

    def matches(self, segment):
        """Return True if this node matches the supplied template segment."""

        return segment == self.raw_segment

    def conflicts_with(self, segment):
        """Return True if this node conflicts with a given template segment."""

        # NOTE(kgriffs): This method assumes that the caller has already
        # checked if the segment matches. By definition, only unmatched
        # segments may conflict, so there isn't any sense in calling
        # conflicts_with in that case.
        assert not self.matches(segment)

        # NOTE(kgriffs): Possible combinations are as follows.
        #
        #   simple, simple ==> True
        #   simple, complex ==> False
        #   simple, string ==> False
        #   complex, simple ==> False
        #   complex, complex ==> (Maybe)
        #   complex, string ==> False
        #   string, simple ==> False
        #   string, complex ==> False
        #   string, string ==> False
        #
        other = CompiledRouterNode(segment)

        if self.is_var:
            # NOTE(kgriffs & philiptzou): Falcon does not accept multiple
            # simple var nodes exist at the same level as following:
            #
            #   /foo/{thing1}
            #   /foo/{thing2}
            #
            # Nor two complex nodes like this:
            #
            #   /foo/{thing1}.{ext}
            #   /foo/{thing2}.{ext}
            #
            # On the other hand, those are all OK:
            #
            #   /foo/{thing1}
            #   /foo/all
            #   /foo/{thing1}.{ext}
            #   /foo/{thing2}.detail.{ext}
            #
            if self.is_complex:
                if other.is_complex:
                    return _FIELD_PATTERN.sub(
                        'v', self.raw_segment
                    ) == _FIELD_PATTERN.sub('v', segment)

                return False
            else:
                return other.is_var and not other.is_complex

        # NOTE(kgriffs): If self is a static string match, then all the cases
        # for other are False, so no need to check.
        return False


class ConverterDict(UserDict):
    """A dict-like class for storing field converters."""

    def __setitem__(self, name, converter):
        self._validate(name)
        UserDict.__setitem__(self, name, converter)

    def _validate(self, name):
        if not _IDENTIFIER_PATTERN.match(name):
            raise ValueError(
                'Invalid converter name. Names may not be blank, and may '
                'only use ASCII letters, digits, and underscores. Names'
                'must begin with a letter or underscore.'
            )


class CompiledRouterOptions:
    """Defines a set of configurable router options.

    An instance of this class is exposed via :py:attr:`falcon.App.router_options`
    and :py:attr:`falcon.asgi.App.router_options` for configuring certain
    :py:class:`~.CompiledRouter` behaviors.

    Attributes:
        converters: Represents the collection of named
            converters that may be referenced in URI template field
            expressions. Adding additional converters is simply a
            matter of mapping an identifier to a converter class::

                app.router_options.converters['mc'] = MyConverter

            The identifier can then be used to employ the converter
            within a URI template::

                app.add_route('/{some_field:mc}', some_resource)

            Converter names may only contain ASCII letters, digits,
            and underscores, and must start with either a letter or
            an underscore.

            Warning:

                Converter instances are shared between requests.
                Therefore, in threaded deployments, care must be taken
                to implement custom converters in a thread-safe
                manner.

            (See also: :ref:`Field Converters <routing_field_converters>`)
    """

    __slots__ = ('converters',)

    def __init__(self):
        object.__setattr__(
            self,
            'converters',
            ConverterDict((name, converter) for name, converter in converters.BUILTIN),
        )

    def __setattr__(self, name, value) -> None:
        if name == 'converters':
            raise AttributeError('Cannot set "converters", please update it in place.')
        super().__setattr__(name, value)


# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# AST Constructs
#
# NOTE(kgriffs): These constructs are used to create a very coarse
#   AST that can then be used to generate Python source code for the
#   router. Using an AST like this makes it easier to reason about
#   the compilation process, and affords syntactical transformations
#   that would otherwise be at best confusing and at worst extremely
#   tedious and error-prone if they were to be attempted directly
#   against the Python source code.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------


class _CxParent:
    def __init__(self):
        self._children = []

    def append_child(self, construct):
        self._children.append(construct)

    def src(self, indentation):
        return self._children_src(indentation + 1)

    def _children_src(self, indentation):
        src_lines = [child.src(indentation) for child in self._children]

        return '\n'.join(src_lines)


class _CxIfPathLength(_CxParent):
    def __init__(self, comparison, length):
        super().__init__()
        self._comparison = comparison
        self._length = length

    def src(self, indentation):
        template = '{0}if path_len {1} {2}:\n{3}'
        return template.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._comparison,
            self._length,
            self._children_src(indentation + 1),
        )


class _CxIfPathSegmentLiteral(_CxParent):
    def __init__(self, segment_idx, literal):
        super().__init__()
        self._segment_idx = segment_idx
        self._literal = literal

    def src(self, indentation):
        template = "{0}if path[{1}] == '{2}':\n{3}"
        return template.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._segment_idx,
            self._literal,
            self._children_src(indentation + 1),
        )


class _CxIfPathSegmentPattern(_CxParent):
    def __init__(self, segment_idx, pattern_idx, pattern_text):
        super().__init__()
        self._segment_idx = segment_idx
        self._pattern_idx = pattern_idx
        self._pattern_text = pattern_text

    def src(self, indentation):
        lines = [
            '{0}match = patterns[{1}].match(path[{2}])  # {3}'.format(
                _TAB_STR * indentation,
                self._pattern_idx,
                self._segment_idx,
                self._pattern_text,
            ),
            '{0}if match is not None:'.format(_TAB_STR * indentation),
            self._children_src(indentation + 1),
        ]

        return '\n'.join(lines)


class _CxIfConverterField(_CxParent):
    def __init__(self, unique_idx, converter_idx):
        super().__init__()
        self._converter_idx = converter_idx
        self._unique_idx = unique_idx
        self.field_variable_name = 'field_value_{0}'.format(unique_idx)

    def src(self, indentation):
        lines = [
            '{0}{1} = converters[{2}].convert(fragment)'.format(
                _TAB_STR * indentation,
                self.field_variable_name,
                self._converter_idx,
            ),
            '{0}if {1} is not None:'.format(
                _TAB_STR * indentation, self.field_variable_name
            ),
            self._children_src(indentation + 1),
        ]

        return '\n'.join(lines)


class _CxSetFragmentFromField:
    def __init__(self, field_name):
        self._field_name = field_name

    def src(self, indentation):
        return "{0}fragment = groups.pop('{1}')".format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._field_name,
        )


class _CxSetFragmentFromPath:
    def __init__(self, segment_idx):
        self._segment_idx = segment_idx

    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}fragment = path[{1}]'.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._segment_idx,
        )


class _CxSetFragmentFromRemainingPaths:
    def __init__(self, segment_idx):
        self._segment_idx = segment_idx

    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}fragment = path[{1}:]'.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._segment_idx,
        )


class _CxVariableFromPatternMatch:
    def __init__(self, unique_idx):
        self._unique_idx = unique_idx
        self.dict_variable_name = 'dict_match_{0}'.format(unique_idx)

    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}{1} = match.groupdict()'.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation, self.dict_variable_name
        )


class _CxVariableFromPatternMatchPrefetched:
    def __init__(self, unique_idx):
        self._unique_idx = unique_idx
        self.dict_variable_name = 'dict_groups_{0}'.format(unique_idx)

    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}{1} = groups'.format(_TAB_STR * indentation, self.dict_variable_name)


class _CxPrefetchGroupsFromPatternMatch:
    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}groups = match.groupdict()'.format(_TAB_STR * indentation)


class _CxReturnNone:
    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}return None'.format(_TAB_STR * indentation)


class _CxReturnValue:
    def __init__(self, value_idx):
        self._value_idx = value_idx

    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}return return_values[{1}]'.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation, self._value_idx
        )


class _CxSetParamFromPath:
    def __init__(self, param_name, segment_idx):
        self._param_name = param_name
        self._segment_idx = segment_idx

    def src(self, indentation):
        return "{0}params['{1}'] = path[{2}]".format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._param_name,
            self._segment_idx,
        )


class _CxSetParamFromValue:
    def __init__(self, param_name, field_value_name):
        self._param_name = param_name
        self._field_value_name = field_value_name

    def src(self, indentation):
        return "{0}params['{1}'] = {2}".format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._param_name,
            self._field_value_name,
        )


class _CxSetParamsFromDict:
    def __init__(self, dict_value_name):
        self._dict_value_name = dict_value_name

    def src(self, indentation):
        return '{0}params.update({1})'.format(
            _TAB_STR * indentation,
            self._dict_value_name,
        )