diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0c8b941098..9cc0c248dc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -8,6 +8,14 @@ Chrono obeys the principle of [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 There were/are numerous minor versions before 1.0 due to the language changes.
 Versions with only mechanical changes will be omitted from the following list.
 
+## next
+
+### Features
+
+* Functions that were accepting `Iterator` of `Item`s (for example
+  `format_with_items`) now accept `Iterator` of `Borrow<Item>`, so one can
+  use values or references.
+
 ## 0.4.9
 
 ### Fixes
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6fbb591721..a572dc96a2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ alloc = []
 std = []
 clock = ["time", "std"]
 wasmbind = ["wasm-bindgen", "js-sys"]
+bench = ["std"]
 
 [dependencies]
 time = { version = "0.1.39", optional = true }
diff --git a/src/date.rs b/src/date.rs
index d4490092d4..7026c41345 100644
--- a/src/date.rs
+++ b/src/date.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 //! ISO 8601 calendar date with time zone.
 
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 use core::{fmt, hash};
 use core::cmp::Ordering;
 use core::ops::{Add, Sub};
@@ -258,8 +259,8 @@ impl<Tz: TimeZone> Date<Tz> where Tz::Offset: fmt::Display {
     /// Formats the date with the specified formatting items.
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
-            where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone {
+    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I, B>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
+            where I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>> {
         DelayedFormat::new_with_offset(Some(self.naive_local()), None, &self.offset, items)
     }
 
diff --git a/src/datetime.rs b/src/datetime.rs
index 3bd6c77bfe..92cf178d2a 100644
--- a/src/datetime.rs
+++ b/src/datetime.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use format::{Item, Numeric, Pad, Fixed};
 use format::{parse, Parsed, ParseError, ParseResult, StrftimeItems};
 #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
 use format::DelayedFormat;
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 
 /// Specific formatting options for seconds. This may be extended in the
 /// future, so exhaustive matching in external code is not recommended.
@@ -326,7 +327,7 @@ impl DateTime<FixedOffset> {
     pub fn parse_from_rfc2822(s: &str) -> ParseResult<DateTime<FixedOffset>> {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC2822)];
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter()));
         parsed.to_datetime()
     }
 
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ impl DateTime<FixedOffset> {
     pub fn parse_from_rfc3339(s: &str) -> ParseResult<DateTime<FixedOffset>> {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC3339)];
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter()));
         parsed.to_datetime()
     }
 
@@ -374,14 +375,14 @@ impl<Tz: TimeZone> DateTime<Tz> where Tz::Offset: fmt::Display {
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     pub fn to_rfc2822(&self) -> String {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC2822)];
-        self.format_with_items(ITEMS.iter().cloned()).to_string()
+        self.format_with_items(ITEMS.iter()).to_string()
     }
 
     /// Returns an RFC 3339 and ISO 8601 date and time string such as `1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00`.
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     pub fn to_rfc3339(&self) -> String {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC3339)];
-        self.format_with_items(ITEMS.iter().cloned()).to_string()
+        self.format_with_items(ITEMS.iter()).to_string()
     }
 
     /// Return an RFC 3339 and ISO 8601 date and time string with subseconds
@@ -450,11 +451,11 @@ impl<Tz: TimeZone> DateTime<Tz> where Tz::Offset: fmt::Display {
         match ssitem {
             None =>
                 self.format_with_items(
-                    PREFIX.iter().chain([tzitem].iter()).cloned()
+                    PREFIX.iter().chain([tzitem].iter())
                 ).to_string(),
             Some(s) =>
                 self.format_with_items(
-                    PREFIX.iter().chain([s, tzitem].iter()).cloned()
+                    PREFIX.iter().chain([s, tzitem].iter())
                 ).to_string(),
         }
     }
@@ -462,8 +463,8 @@ impl<Tz: TimeZone> DateTime<Tz> where Tz::Offset: fmt::Display {
     /// Formats the combined date and time with the specified formatting items.
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
-            where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone {
+    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I, B>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
+            where I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>> {
         let local = self.naive_local();
         DelayedFormat::new_with_offset(Some(local.date()), Some(local.time()), &self.offset, items)
     }
@@ -621,24 +622,24 @@ impl str::FromStr for DateTime<FixedOffset> {
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> ParseResult<DateTime<FixedOffset>> {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Year, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Year, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("-"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Month, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Month, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("-"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Day, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Day, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("T"), // XXX shouldn't this be case-insensitive?
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Hour, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Hour, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal(":"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Minute, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Minute, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal(":"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Second, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Second, Pad::Zero),
                              Item::Fixed(Fixed::Nanosecond),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Fixed(Fixed::TimezoneOffsetZ),
             Item::Space(""),
         ];
 
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter()));
         parsed.to_datetime()
     }
 }
@@ -1140,7 +1141,7 @@ pub mod serde {
     /// # fn main() { example().unwrap(); }
     /// ```
     pub mod ts_nanoseconds_option {
-        use std::fmt;
+        use core::fmt;
         use serdelib::{ser, de};
 
         use {DateTime, Utc};
@@ -1431,7 +1432,7 @@ pub mod serde {
     /// # fn main() { example().unwrap(); }
     /// ```
     pub mod ts_milliseconds_option {
-        use std::fmt;
+        use core::fmt;
         use serdelib::{ser, de};
 
         use {DateTime, Utc};
@@ -1718,7 +1719,7 @@ pub mod serde {
     /// # fn main() { example().unwrap(); }
     /// ```
     pub mod ts_seconds_option {
-        use std::fmt;
+        use core::fmt;
         use serdelib::{ser, de};
 
         use {DateTime, Utc};
@@ -2213,4 +2214,53 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(format!("{}  ", ymd_formatted), format!("{:<17}", ymd));
         assert_eq!(format!(" {} ", ymd_formatted), format!("{:^17}", ymd));
     }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench")]
+    #[bench]
+    fn bench_datetime_parse_from_rfc2822(bh: &mut test::Bencher) {
+        bh.iter(|| {
+            let str = test::black_box("Wed, 18 Feb 2015 23:16:09 +0000");
+            DateTime::parse_from_rfc2822(str).unwrap()
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench")]
+    #[bench]
+    fn bench_datetime_parse_from_rfc3339(bh: &mut test::Bencher) {
+        bh.iter(|| {
+            let str = test::black_box("2015-02-18T23:59:60.234567+05:00");
+            DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(str).unwrap()
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench")]
+    #[bench]
+    fn bench_datetime_from_str(bh: &mut test::Bencher) {
+        use std::str::FromStr;
+
+        bh.iter(|| {
+            let str = test::black_box("2019-03-30T18:46:57.193Z");
+            DateTime::<Utc>::from_str(str).unwrap()
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench")]
+    #[bench]
+    fn bench_datetime_to_rfc2822(bh: &mut test::Bencher) {
+        let pst = FixedOffset::east(8 * 60 * 60);
+        let dt = pst.ymd(2018, 1, 11).and_hms_nano(10, 5, 13, 084_660_000);
+        bh.iter(|| {
+            test::black_box(dt).to_rfc2822()
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench")]
+    #[bench]
+    fn bench_datetime_to_rfc3339(bh: &mut test::Bencher) {
+        let pst = FixedOffset::east(8 * 60 * 60);
+        let dt = pst.ymd(2018, 1, 11).and_hms_nano(10, 5, 13, 084_660_000);
+        bh.iter(|| {
+            test::black_box(dt).to_rfc3339()
+        });
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/format/mod.rs b/src/format/mod.rs
index b8e6458345..dfd8627fee 100644
--- a/src/format/mod.rs
+++ b/src/format/mod.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #![allow(ellipsis_inclusive_range_patterns)]
 
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 use core::fmt;
 use core::str::FromStr;
 #[cfg(any(feature = "std", test))]
@@ -356,14 +357,14 @@ const BAD_FORMAT:   ParseError = ParseError(ParseErrorKind::BadFormat);
 /// Tries to format given arguments with given formatting items.
 /// Internally used by `DelayedFormat`.
 #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
-pub fn format<'a, I>(
+pub fn format<'a, I, B>(
     w: &mut fmt::Formatter,
     date: Option<&NaiveDate>,
     time: Option<&NaiveTime>,
     off: Option<&(String, FixedOffset)>,
     items: I,
 ) -> fmt::Result
-    where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>>
+    where I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>>
 {
     // full and abbreviated month and weekday names
     static SHORT_MONTHS: [&'static str; 12] =
@@ -380,12 +381,12 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
     let mut result = String::new();
 
     for item in items {
-        match item {
-            Item::Literal(s) | Item::Space(s) => result.push_str(s),
+        match item.borrow() {
+            &Item::Literal(s) | &Item::Space(s) => result.push_str(s),
             #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
-            Item::OwnedLiteral(ref s) | Item::OwnedSpace(ref s) => result.push_str(s),
+            &Item::OwnedLiteral(ref s) | &Item::OwnedSpace(ref s) => result.push_str(s),
 
-            Item::Numeric(spec, pad) => {
+            &Item::Numeric(ref spec, ref pad) => {
                 use self::Numeric::*;
 
                 let week_from_sun = |d: &NaiveDate|
@@ -394,31 +395,31 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                     (d.ordinal() as i32 - d.weekday().num_days_from_monday() as i32 + 7) / 7;
 
                 let (width, v) = match spec {
-                    Year           => (4, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.year()))),
-                    YearDiv100     => (2, date.map(|d| div_floor(i64::from(d.year()), 100))),
-                    YearMod100     => (2, date.map(|d| mod_floor(i64::from(d.year()), 100))),
-                    IsoYear        => (4, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.iso_week().year()))),
-                    IsoYearDiv100  => (2, date.map(|d| div_floor(
+                    &Year           => (4, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.year()))),
+                    &YearDiv100     => (2, date.map(|d| div_floor(i64::from(d.year()), 100))),
+                    &YearMod100     => (2, date.map(|d| mod_floor(i64::from(d.year()), 100))),
+                    &IsoYear        => (4, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.iso_week().year()))),
+                    &IsoYearDiv100  => (2, date.map(|d| div_floor(
                         i64::from(d.iso_week().year()), 100))),
-                    IsoYearMod100  => (2, date.map(|d| mod_floor(
+                    &IsoYearMod100  => (2, date.map(|d| mod_floor(
                         i64::from(d.iso_week().year()), 100))),
-                    Month          => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.month()))),
-                    Day            => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.day()))),
-                    WeekFromSun    => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(week_from_sun(d)))),
-                    WeekFromMon    => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(week_from_mon(d)))),
-                    IsoWeek        => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.iso_week().week()))),
-                    NumDaysFromSun => (1, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.weekday()
+                    &Month          => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.month()))),
+                    &Day            => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.day()))),
+                    &WeekFromSun    => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(week_from_sun(d)))),
+                    &WeekFromMon    => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(week_from_mon(d)))),
+                    &IsoWeek        => (2, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.iso_week().week()))),
+                    &NumDaysFromSun => (1, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.weekday()
                                                                   .num_days_from_sunday()))),
-                    WeekdayFromMon => (1, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.weekday()
+                    &WeekdayFromMon => (1, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.weekday()
                                                                   .number_from_monday()))),
-                    Ordinal        => (3, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.ordinal()))),
-                    Hour           => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.hour()))),
-                    Hour12         => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.hour12().1))),
-                    Minute         => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.minute()))),
-                    Second         => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.second() +
+                    &Ordinal        => (3, date.map(|d| i64::from(d.ordinal()))),
+                    &Hour           => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.hour()))),
+                    &Hour12         => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.hour12().1))),
+                    &Minute         => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.minute()))),
+                    &Second         => (2, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.second() +
                                                         t.nanosecond() / 1_000_000_000))),
-                    Nanosecond     => (9, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000))),
-                    Timestamp      => (1, match (date, time, off) {
+                    &Nanosecond     => (9, time.map(|t| i64::from(t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000))),
+                    &Timestamp      => (1, match (date, time, off) {
                         (Some(d), Some(t), None) =>
                             Some(d.and_time(*t).timestamp()),
                         (Some(d), Some(t), Some(&(_, off))) =>
@@ -427,24 +428,24 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                     }),
 
                     // for the future expansion
-                    Internal(ref int) => match int._dummy {},
+                    &Internal(ref int) => match int._dummy {},
                 };
 
 
                 if let Some(v) = v {
                     try!(
-                        if (spec == Year || spec == IsoYear) && !(0 <= v && v < 10_000) {
+                        if (spec == &Year || spec == &IsoYear) && !(0 <= v && v < 10_000) {
                             // non-four-digit years require an explicit sign as per ISO 8601
                             match pad {
-                                Pad::None => write!(result, "{:+}", v),
-                                Pad::Zero => write!(result, "{:+01$}", v, width + 1),
-                                Pad::Space => write!(result, "{:+1$}", v, width + 1),
+                                &Pad::None => write!(result, "{:+}", v),
+                                &Pad::Zero => write!(result, "{:+01$}", v, width + 1),
+                                &Pad::Space => write!(result, "{:+1$}", v, width + 1),
                             }
                         } else {
                             match pad {
-                                Pad::None => write!(result, "{}", v),
-                                Pad::Zero => write!(result, "{:01$}", v, width),
-                                Pad::Space => write!(result, "{:1$}", v, width),
+                                &Pad::None => write!(result, "{}", v),
+                                &Pad::Zero => write!(result, "{:01$}", v, width),
+                                &Pad::Space => write!(result, "{:1$}", v, width),
                             }
                         }
                     )
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                 }
             },
 
-            Item::Fixed(spec) => {
+            &Item::Fixed(ref spec) => {
                 use self::Fixed::*;
 
                 /// Prints an offset from UTC in the format of `+HHMM` or `+HH:MM`.
@@ -479,41 +480,41 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                 }
 
                 let ret = match spec {
-                    ShortMonthName =>
+                    &ShortMonthName =>
                         date.map(|d| {
                             result.push_str(SHORT_MONTHS[d.month0() as usize]);
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    LongMonthName =>
+                    &LongMonthName =>
                         date.map(|d| {
                             result.push_str(LONG_MONTHS[d.month0() as usize]);
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    ShortWeekdayName =>
+                    &ShortWeekdayName =>
                         date.map(|d| {
                             result.push_str(
                                 SHORT_WEEKDAYS[d.weekday().num_days_from_monday() as usize]
                             );
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    LongWeekdayName =>
+                    &LongWeekdayName =>
                         date.map(|d| {
                             result.push_str(
                                 LONG_WEEKDAYS[d.weekday().num_days_from_monday() as usize]
                             );
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    LowerAmPm =>
+                    &LowerAmPm =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             result.push_str(if t.hour12().0 {"pm"} else {"am"});
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    UpperAmPm =>
+                    &UpperAmPm =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             result.push_str(if t.hour12().0 {"PM"} else {"AM"});
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    Nanosecond =>
+                    &Nanosecond =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             if nano == 0 {
@@ -526,52 +527,52 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                                 write!(result, ".{:09}", nano)
                             }
                         }),
-                    Nanosecond3 =>
+                    &Nanosecond3 =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             write!(result, ".{:03}", nano / 1_000_000)
                         }),
-                    Nanosecond6 =>
+                    &Nanosecond6 =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             write!(result, ".{:06}", nano / 1_000)
                         }),
-                    Nanosecond9 =>
+                    &Nanosecond9 =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             write!(result, ".{:09}", nano)
                         }),
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond3NoDot }) =>
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond3NoDot }) =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             write!(result, "{:03}", nano / 1_000_000)
                         }),
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond6NoDot }) =>
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond6NoDot }) =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             write!(result, "{:06}", nano / 1_000)
                         }),
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond9NoDot }) =>
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond9NoDot }) =>
                         time.map(|t| {
                             let nano = t.nanosecond() % 1_000_000_000;
                             write!(result, "{:09}", nano)
                         }),
-                    TimezoneName =>
+                    &TimezoneName =>
                         off.map(|&(ref name, _)| {
                             result.push_str(name);
                             Ok(())
                         }),
-                    TimezoneOffsetColon =>
+                    &TimezoneOffsetColon =>
                         off.map(|&(_, off)| write_local_minus_utc(&mut result, off, false, true)),
-                    TimezoneOffsetColonZ =>
+                    &TimezoneOffsetColonZ =>
                         off.map(|&(_, off)| write_local_minus_utc(&mut result, off, true, true)),
-                    TimezoneOffset =>
+                    &TimezoneOffset =>
                         off.map(|&(_, off)| write_local_minus_utc(&mut result, off, false, false)),
-                    TimezoneOffsetZ =>
+                    &TimezoneOffsetZ =>
                         off.map(|&(_, off)| write_local_minus_utc(&mut result, off, true, false)),
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::TimezoneOffsetPermissive }) =>
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::TimezoneOffsetPermissive }) =>
                         panic!("Do not try to write %#z it is undefined"),
-                    RFC2822 => // same to `%a, %e %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z`
+                    &RFC2822 => // same to `%a, %e %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z`
                         if let (Some(d), Some(t), Some(&(_, off))) = (date, time, off) {
                             let sec = t.second() + t.nanosecond() / 1_000_000_000;
                             try!(write!(
@@ -585,7 +586,7 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                         } else {
                             None
                         },
-                    RFC3339 => // same to `%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%.f%:z`
+                    &RFC3339 => // same to `%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%.f%:z`
                         if let (Some(d), Some(t), Some(&(_, off))) = (date, time, off) {
                             // reuse `Debug` impls which already print ISO 8601 format.
                             // this is faster in this way.
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ pub fn format<'a, I>(
                 }
             },
 
-            Item::Error => return Err(fmt::Error),
+            &Item::Error => return Err(fmt::Error),
         }
     }
 
@@ -633,7 +634,7 @@ pub struct DelayedFormat<I> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
-impl<'a, I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone> DelayedFormat<I> {
+impl<'a, I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>>> DelayedFormat<I> {
     /// Makes a new `DelayedFormat` value out of local date and time.
     pub fn new(date: Option<NaiveDate>, time: Option<NaiveTime>, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I> {
         DelayedFormat { date: date, time: time, off: None, items: items }
@@ -649,7 +650,7 @@ impl<'a, I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone> DelayedFormat<I> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
-impl<'a, I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone> fmt::Display for DelayedFormat<I> {
+impl<'a, I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>>> fmt::Display for DelayedFormat<I> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         format(f, self.date.as_ref(), self.time.as_ref(), self.off.as_ref(), self.items.clone())
     }
diff --git a/src/format/parse.rs b/src/format/parse.rs
index e8e0d25752..0a7d6a7d6b 100644
--- a/src/format/parse.rs
+++ b/src/format/parse.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #![allow(deprecated)]
 
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 use core::usize;
 
 use Weekday;
@@ -204,64 +205,64 @@ fn parse_rfc3339<'a>(parsed: &mut Parsed, mut s: &'a str) -> ParseResult<(&'a st
 ///   so one can prepend any number of whitespace then any number of zeroes before numbers.
 ///
 /// - (Still) obeying the intrinsic parsing width. This allows, for example, parsing `HHMMSS`.
-pub fn parse<'a, I>(parsed: &mut Parsed, mut s: &str, items: I) -> ParseResult<()>
-        where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> {
+pub fn parse<'a, I, B>(parsed: &mut Parsed, mut s: &str, items: I) -> ParseResult<()>
+        where I: Iterator<Item=B>, B: Borrow<Item<'a>> {
     macro_rules! try_consume {
         ($e:expr) => ({ let (s_, v) = try!($e); s = s_; v })
     }
 
     for item in items {
-        match item {
-            Item::Literal(prefix) => {
+        match item.borrow() {
+            &Item::Literal(prefix) => {
                 if s.len() < prefix.len() { return Err(TOO_SHORT); }
                 if !s.starts_with(prefix) { return Err(INVALID); }
                 s = &s[prefix.len()..];
             }
 
             #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
-            Item::OwnedLiteral(ref prefix) => {
+            &Item::OwnedLiteral(ref prefix) => {
                 if s.len() < prefix.len() { return Err(TOO_SHORT); }
                 if !s.starts_with(&prefix[..]) { return Err(INVALID); }
                 s = &s[prefix.len()..];
             }
 
-            Item::Space(_) => {
+            &Item::Space(_) => {
                 s = s.trim_left();
             }
 
             #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
-            Item::OwnedSpace(_) => {
+            &Item::OwnedSpace(_) => {
                 s = s.trim_left();
             }
 
-            Item::Numeric(spec, _pad) => {
+            &Item::Numeric(ref spec, ref _pad) => {
                 use super::Numeric::*;
                 type Setter = fn(&mut Parsed, i64) -> ParseResult<()>;
 
                 let (width, signed, set): (usize, bool, Setter) = match spec {
-                    Year           => (4, true, Parsed::set_year),
-                    YearDiv100     => (2, false, Parsed::set_year_div_100),
-                    YearMod100     => (2, false, Parsed::set_year_mod_100),
-                    IsoYear        => (4, true, Parsed::set_isoyear),
-                    IsoYearDiv100  => (2, false, Parsed::set_isoyear_div_100),
-                    IsoYearMod100  => (2, false, Parsed::set_isoyear_mod_100),
-                    Month          => (2, false, Parsed::set_month),
-                    Day            => (2, false, Parsed::set_day),
-                    WeekFromSun    => (2, false, Parsed::set_week_from_sun),
-                    WeekFromMon    => (2, false, Parsed::set_week_from_mon),
-                    IsoWeek        => (2, false, Parsed::set_isoweek),
-                    NumDaysFromSun => (1, false, set_weekday_with_num_days_from_sunday),
-                    WeekdayFromMon => (1, false, set_weekday_with_number_from_monday),
-                    Ordinal        => (3, false, Parsed::set_ordinal),
-                    Hour           => (2, false, Parsed::set_hour),
-                    Hour12         => (2, false, Parsed::set_hour12),
-                    Minute         => (2, false, Parsed::set_minute),
-                    Second         => (2, false, Parsed::set_second),
-                    Nanosecond     => (9, false, Parsed::set_nanosecond),
-                    Timestamp      => (usize::MAX, false, Parsed::set_timestamp),
+                    &Year           => (4, true, Parsed::set_year),
+                    &YearDiv100     => (2, false, Parsed::set_year_div_100),
+                    &YearMod100     => (2, false, Parsed::set_year_mod_100),
+                    &IsoYear        => (4, true, Parsed::set_isoyear),
+                    &IsoYearDiv100  => (2, false, Parsed::set_isoyear_div_100),
+                    &IsoYearMod100  => (2, false, Parsed::set_isoyear_mod_100),
+                    &Month          => (2, false, Parsed::set_month),
+                    &Day            => (2, false, Parsed::set_day),
+                    &WeekFromSun    => (2, false, Parsed::set_week_from_sun),
+                    &WeekFromMon    => (2, false, Parsed::set_week_from_mon),
+                    &IsoWeek        => (2, false, Parsed::set_isoweek),
+                    &NumDaysFromSun => (1, false, set_weekday_with_num_days_from_sunday),
+                    &WeekdayFromMon => (1, false, set_weekday_with_number_from_monday),
+                    &Ordinal        => (3, false, Parsed::set_ordinal),
+                    &Hour           => (2, false, Parsed::set_hour),
+                    &Hour12         => (2, false, Parsed::set_hour12),
+                    &Minute         => (2, false, Parsed::set_minute),
+                    &Second         => (2, false, Parsed::set_second),
+                    &Nanosecond     => (9, false, Parsed::set_nanosecond),
+                    &Timestamp      => (usize::MAX, false, Parsed::set_timestamp),
 
                     // for the future expansion
-                    Internal(ref int) => match int._dummy {},
+                    &Internal(ref int) => match int._dummy {},
                 };
 
                 s = s.trim_left();
@@ -281,31 +282,31 @@ pub fn parse<'a, I>(parsed: &mut Parsed, mut s: &str, items: I) -> ParseResult<(
                 try!(set(parsed, v));
             }
 
-            Item::Fixed(spec) => {
+            &Item::Fixed(ref spec) => {
                 use super::Fixed::*;
 
                 match spec {
-                    ShortMonthName => {
+                    &ShortMonthName => {
                         let month0 = try_consume!(scan::short_month0(s));
                         try!(parsed.set_month(i64::from(month0) + 1));
                     }
 
-                    LongMonthName => {
+                    &LongMonthName => {
                         let month0 = try_consume!(scan::short_or_long_month0(s));
                         try!(parsed.set_month(i64::from(month0) + 1));
                     }
 
-                    ShortWeekdayName => {
+                    &ShortWeekdayName => {
                         let weekday = try_consume!(scan::short_weekday(s));
                         try!(parsed.set_weekday(weekday));
                     }
 
-                    LongWeekdayName => {
+                    &LongWeekdayName => {
                         let weekday = try_consume!(scan::short_or_long_weekday(s));
                         try!(parsed.set_weekday(weekday));
                     }
 
-                    LowerAmPm | UpperAmPm => {
+                    &LowerAmPm | &UpperAmPm => {
                         if s.len() < 2 { return Err(TOO_SHORT); }
                         let ampm = match (s.as_bytes()[0] | 32, s.as_bytes()[1] | 32) {
                             (b'a',b'm') => false,
@@ -316,56 +317,56 @@ pub fn parse<'a, I>(parsed: &mut Parsed, mut s: &str, items: I) -> ParseResult<(
                         s = &s[2..];
                     }
 
-                    Nanosecond | Nanosecond3 | Nanosecond6 | Nanosecond9 => {
+                    &Nanosecond | &Nanosecond3 | &Nanosecond6 | &Nanosecond9 => {
                         if s.starts_with('.') {
                             let nano = try_consume!(scan::nanosecond(&s[1..]));
                             try!(parsed.set_nanosecond(nano));
                         }
                     }
 
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond3NoDot }) => {
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond3NoDot }) => {
                         if s.len() < 3 { return Err(TOO_SHORT); }
                         let nano = try_consume!(scan::nanosecond_fixed(s, 3));
                         try!(parsed.set_nanosecond(nano));
                     }
 
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond6NoDot }) => {
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond6NoDot }) => {
                         if s.len() < 6 { return Err(TOO_SHORT); }
                         let nano = try_consume!(scan::nanosecond_fixed(s, 6));
                         try!(parsed.set_nanosecond(nano));
                     }
 
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond9NoDot }) => {
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::Nanosecond9NoDot }) => {
                         if s.len() < 9 { return Err(TOO_SHORT); }
                         let nano = try_consume!(scan::nanosecond_fixed(s, 9));
                         try!(parsed.set_nanosecond(nano));
                     }
 
-                    TimezoneName => return Err(BAD_FORMAT),
+                    &TimezoneName => return Err(BAD_FORMAT),
 
-                    TimezoneOffsetColon | TimezoneOffset => {
+                    &TimezoneOffsetColon | &TimezoneOffset => {
                         let offset = try_consume!(scan::timezone_offset(s.trim_left(),
                                                                         scan::colon_or_space));
                         try!(parsed.set_offset(i64::from(offset)));
                     }
 
-                    TimezoneOffsetColonZ | TimezoneOffsetZ => {
+                    &TimezoneOffsetColonZ | &TimezoneOffsetZ => {
                         let offset = try_consume!(scan::timezone_offset_zulu(s.trim_left(),
                                                                              scan::colon_or_space));
                         try!(parsed.set_offset(i64::from(offset)));
                     }
-                    Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::TimezoneOffsetPermissive }) => {
+                    &Internal(InternalFixed { val: InternalInternal::TimezoneOffsetPermissive }) => {
                         let offset = try_consume!(scan::timezone_offset_permissive(
                             s.trim_left(), scan::colon_or_space));
                         try!(parsed.set_offset(i64::from(offset)));
                     }
 
-                    RFC2822 => try_consume!(parse_rfc2822(parsed, s)),
-                    RFC3339 => try_consume!(parse_rfc3339(parsed, s)),
+                    &RFC2822 => try_consume!(parse_rfc2822(parsed, s)),
+                    &RFC3339 => try_consume!(parse_rfc3339(parsed, s)),
                 }
             }
 
-            Item::Error => {
+            &Item::Error => {
                 return Err(BAD_FORMAT);
             }
         }
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ fn test_parse() {
     // workaround for Rust issue #22255
     fn parse_all(s: &str, items: &[Item]) -> ParseResult<Parsed> {
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, items.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, items.iter()));
         Ok(parsed)
     }
 
@@ -699,12 +700,12 @@ fn test_rfc2822() {
 
     fn rfc2822_to_datetime(date: &str) -> ParseResult<DateTime<FixedOffset>> {
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, date, [Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC2822)].iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, date, [Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC2822)].iter()));
         parsed.to_datetime()
     }
 
     fn fmt_rfc2822_datetime(dt: DateTime<FixedOffset>) -> String {
-        dt.format_with_items([Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC2822)].iter().cloned()).to_string()
+        dt.format_with_items([Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC2822)].iter()).to_string()
     }
 
     // Test against test data above
@@ -780,12 +781,12 @@ fn test_rfc3339() {
 
     fn rfc3339_to_datetime(date: &str) -> ParseResult<DateTime<FixedOffset>> {
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, date, [Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC3339)].iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, date, [Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC3339)].iter()));
         parsed.to_datetime()
     }
 
     fn fmt_rfc3339_datetime(dt: DateTime<FixedOffset>) -> String {
-        dt.format_with_items([Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC3339)].iter().cloned()).to_string()
+        dt.format_with_items([Item::Fixed(Fixed::RFC3339)].iter()).to_string()
     }
 
     // Test against test data above
diff --git a/src/format/parsed.rs b/src/format/parsed.rs
index 7b9708d07a..a09dd196b6 100644
--- a/src/format/parsed.rs
+++ b/src/format/parsed.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ pub struct Parsed {
 
 /// Checks if `old` is either empty or has the same value to `new` (i.e. "consistent"),
 /// and if it is empty, set `old` to `new` as well.
+#[inline]
 fn set_if_consistent<T: PartialEq>(old: &mut Option<T>, new: T) -> ParseResult<()> {
     if let Some(ref old) = *old {
         if *old == new {Ok(())} else {Err(IMPOSSIBLE)}
@@ -141,82 +142,97 @@ impl Parsed {
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`year`](#structfield.year) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_year(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.year, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`year_div_100`](#structfield.year_div_100) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_year_div_100(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         if value < 0 { return Err(OUT_OF_RANGE); }
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.year_div_100, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`year_mod_100`](#structfield.year_mod_100) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_year_mod_100(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         if value < 0 { return Err(OUT_OF_RANGE); }
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.year_mod_100, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`isoyear`](#structfield.isoyear) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_isoyear(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.isoyear, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`isoyear_div_100`](#structfield.isoyear_div_100) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_isoyear_div_100(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         if value < 0 { return Err(OUT_OF_RANGE); }
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.isoyear_div_100, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`isoyear_mod_100`](#structfield.isoyear_mod_100) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_isoyear_mod_100(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         if value < 0 { return Err(OUT_OF_RANGE); }
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.isoyear_mod_100, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`month`](#structfield.month) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_month(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.month, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`week_from_sun`](#structfield.week_from_sun) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_week_from_sun(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.week_from_sun, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`week_from_mon`](#structfield.week_from_mon) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_week_from_mon(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.week_from_mon, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`isoweek`](#structfield.isoweek) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_isoweek(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.isoweek, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`weekday`](#structfield.weekday) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_weekday(&mut self, value: Weekday) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.weekday, value)
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`ordinal`](#structfield.ordinal) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_ordinal(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.ordinal, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`day`](#structfield.day) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_day(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.day, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`hour_div_12`](#structfield.hour_div_12) field from given value.
     /// (`false` for AM, `true` for PM)
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_ampm(&mut self, value: bool) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.hour_div_12, if value {1} else {0})
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`hour_mod_12`](#structfield.hour_mod_12) field from
     /// given hour number in 12-hour clocks.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_hour12(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         if value < 1 || value > 12 { return Err(OUT_OF_RANGE); }
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.hour_mod_12, value as u32 % 12)
@@ -224,6 +240,7 @@ impl Parsed {
 
     /// Tries to set both [`hour_div_12`](#structfield.hour_div_12) and
     /// [`hour_mod_12`](#structfield.hour_mod_12) fields from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_hour(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         let v = try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE));
         try!(set_if_consistent(&mut self.hour_div_12, v / 12));
@@ -232,26 +249,31 @@ impl Parsed {
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`minute`](#structfield.minute) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_minute(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.minute, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`second`](#structfield.second) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_second(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.second, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`nanosecond`](#structfield.nanosecond) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_nanosecond(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.nanosecond, try!(value.to_u32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`timestamp`](#structfield.timestamp) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_timestamp(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.timestamp, value)
     }
 
     /// Tries to set the [`offset`](#structfield.offset) field from given value.
+    #[inline]
     pub fn set_offset(&mut self, value: i64) -> ParseResult<()> {
         set_if_consistent(&mut self.offset, try!(value.to_i32().ok_or(OUT_OF_RANGE)))
     }
diff --git a/src/format/scan.rs b/src/format/scan.rs
index c3111758c2..e776fee81c 100644
--- a/src/format/scan.rs
+++ b/src/format/scan.rs
@@ -30,23 +30,35 @@ fn equals(s: &str, pattern: &str) -> bool {
 /// The absence of digits at all is an unconditional error.
 /// More than `max` digits are consumed up to the first `max` digits.
 /// Any number that does not fit in `i64` is an error.
+#[inline]
 pub fn number(s: &str, min: usize, max: usize) -> ParseResult<(&str, i64)> {
     assert!(min <= max);
 
-    // limit `s` to given number of digits
-    let mut window = s.as_bytes();
-    if window.len() > max { window = &window[..max]; }
+    // We are only interested in ascii numbers, so we can work with the `str` as bytes. We stop on
+    // the first non-numeric byte, which may be another ascii character or beginning of multi-byte
+    // UTF-8 character.
+    let bytes = s.as_bytes();
+    if bytes.len() < min {
+        return Err(TOO_SHORT);
+    }
+
+    let mut n = 0i64;
+    for (i, c) in bytes.iter().take(max).cloned().enumerate() { // cloned() = copied()
+        if c < b'0' || b'9' < c {
+            if i < min {
+                return Err(INVALID);
+            } else {
+                return Ok((&s[i..], n));
+            }
+        }
 
-    // scan digits
-    let upto = window.iter().position(|&c| c < b'0' || b'9' < c)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| window.len());
-    if upto < min {
-        return Err(if window.is_empty() {TOO_SHORT} else {INVALID});
+        n = match n.checked_mul(10).and_then(|n| n.checked_add((c - b'0') as i64)) {
+            Some(n) => n,
+            None => return Err(OUT_OF_RANGE),
+        };
     }
 
-    // we can overflow here, which is the only possible cause of error from `parse`.
-    let v: i64 = try!(s[..upto].parse().map_err(|_| OUT_OF_RANGE));
-    Ok((&s[upto..], v))
+    Ok((&s[::core::cmp::min(max, bytes.len())..], n))
 }
 
 /// Tries to consume at least one digits as a fractional second.
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index bbc4324044..84831db0e9 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -383,9 +383,10 @@
 
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/")]
 
-#![cfg_attr(bench, feature(test))] // lib stability features as per RFC #507
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "bench", feature(test))] // lib stability features as per RFC #507
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
 #![deny(missing_debug_implementations)]
+#![allow(deprecated)]
 
 #![cfg_attr(not(any(feature = "std", test)), no_std)]
 
@@ -427,6 +428,8 @@ extern crate doc_comment;
 extern crate wasm_bindgen;
 #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", feature="wasmbind"))]
 extern crate js_sys;
+#[cfg(feature = "bench")]
+extern crate test;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 doctest!("../README.md");
diff --git a/src/naive/date.rs b/src/naive/date.rs
index f67b670cdb..f0e63e27f5 100644
--- a/src/naive/date.rs
+++ b/src/naive/date.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 //! ISO 8601 calendar date without timezone.
 
+#[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 use core::{str, fmt};
 use core::ops::{Add, Sub, AddAssign, SubAssign};
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
@@ -920,8 +922,8 @@ impl NaiveDate {
     /// ~~~~
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
-            where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone {
+    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I, B>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
+            where I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>> {
         DelayedFormat::new(Some(*self), None, items)
     }
 
@@ -1507,16 +1509,16 @@ impl str::FromStr for NaiveDate {
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> ParseResult<NaiveDate> {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Year, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Year, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("-"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Month, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Month, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("-"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Day, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Day, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""),
         ];
 
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter()));
         parsed.to_naive_date()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/naive/datetime.rs b/src/naive/datetime.rs
index 2049782203..50ba8b03bd 100644
--- a/src/naive/datetime.rs
+++ b/src/naive/datetime.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 //! ISO 8601 date and time without timezone.
 
+#[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 use core::{str, fmt, hash};
 use core::ops::{Add, Sub, AddAssign, SubAssign};
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
@@ -649,8 +651,8 @@ impl NaiveDateTime {
     /// ~~~~
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
-            where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone {
+    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I, B>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
+            where I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>> {
         DelayedFormat::new(Some(self.date), Some(self.time), items)
     }
 
@@ -1472,22 +1474,22 @@ impl str::FromStr for NaiveDateTime {
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> ParseResult<NaiveDateTime> {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Year, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Year, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("-"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Month, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Month, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("-"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Day, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Day, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal("T"), // XXX shouldn't this be case-insensitive?
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Hour, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Hour, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal(":"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Minute, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Minute, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal(":"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Second, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Second, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Fixed(Fixed::Nanosecond), Item::Space(""),
         ];
 
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter()));
         parsed.to_naive_datetime_with_offset(0)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/naive/internals.rs b/src/naive/internals.rs
index a1cd1f6d46..d0431634bf 100644
--- a/src/naive/internals.rs
+++ b/src/naive/internals.rs
@@ -470,7 +470,6 @@ impl fmt::Debug for Mdf {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     #[cfg(test)] extern crate num_iter;
-    #[cfg(bench)] extern crate test;
 
     use Weekday;
     use super::{Of, Mdf};
@@ -517,7 +516,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(GF.nisoweeks(), 52);
     }
 
-    #[cfg(bench)]
+    #[cfg(feature = "bench")]
     #[bench]
     fn bench_year_flags_from_year(bh: &mut test::Bencher) {
         bh.iter(|| {
diff --git a/src/naive/time.rs b/src/naive/time.rs
index c0272c8fe9..4ce520cd7a 100644
--- a/src/naive/time.rs
+++ b/src/naive/time.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 //! ISO 8601 time without timezone.
 
+#[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
 use core::{str, fmt, hash};
 use core::ops::{Add, Sub, AddAssign, SubAssign};
 use oldtime::Duration as OldDuration;
@@ -727,8 +729,8 @@ impl NaiveTime {
     /// ~~~~
     #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", feature = "std", test))]
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
-            where I: Iterator<Item=Item<'a>> + Clone {
+    pub fn format_with_items<'a, I, B>(&self, items: I) -> DelayedFormat<I>
+            where I: Iterator<Item=B> + Clone, B: Borrow<Item<'a>> {
         DelayedFormat::new(None, Some(*self), items)
     }
 
@@ -1303,16 +1305,16 @@ impl str::FromStr for NaiveTime {
 
     fn from_str(s: &str) -> ParseResult<NaiveTime> {
         const ITEMS: &'static [Item<'static>] = &[
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Hour, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Hour, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal(":"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Minute, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Minute, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Space(""), Item::Literal(":"),
-            Item::Space(""), Item::Numeric(Numeric::Second, Pad::Zero),
+                             Item::Numeric(Numeric::Second, Pad::Zero),
             Item::Fixed(Fixed::Nanosecond), Item::Space(""),
         ];
 
         let mut parsed = Parsed::new();
-        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter().cloned()));
+        try!(parse(&mut parsed, s, ITEMS.iter()));
         parsed.to_naive_time()
     }
 }