server.go

// Copyright 2015 Matthew Holt and The Caddy Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package caddyhttp

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"runtime"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2"
	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2/modules/caddytls"
	"github.com/lucas-clemente/quic-go/http3"
	"go.uber.org/zap"
	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
)

// Server describes an HTTP server.
type Server struct {
	// Socket addresses to which to bind listeners. Accepts
	// [network addresses](/docs/conventions#network-addresses)
	// that may include port ranges. Listener addresses must
	// be unique; they cannot be repeated across all defined
	// servers.
	Listen []string `json:"listen,omitempty"`

	// A list of listener wrapper modules, which can modify the behavior
	// of the base listener. They are applied in the given order.
	ListenerWrappersRaw []json.RawMessage `json:"listener_wrappers,omitempty" caddy:"namespace=caddy.listeners inline_key=wrapper"`

	// How long to allow a read from a client's upload. Setting this
	// to a short, non-zero value can mitigate slowloris attacks, but
	// may also affect legitimately slow clients.
	ReadTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"read_timeout,omitempty"`

	// ReadHeaderTimeout is like ReadTimeout but for request headers.
	ReadHeaderTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"read_header_timeout,omitempty"`

	// WriteTimeout is how long to allow a write to a client. Note
	// that setting this to a small value when serving large files
	// may negatively affect legitimately slow clients.
	WriteTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"write_timeout,omitempty"`

	// IdleTimeout is the maximum time to wait for the next request
	// when keep-alives are enabled. If zero, a default timeout of
	// 5m is applied to help avoid resource exhaustion.
	IdleTimeout caddy.Duration `json:"idle_timeout,omitempty"`

	// MaxHeaderBytes is the maximum size to parse from a client's
	// HTTP request headers.
	MaxHeaderBytes int `json:"max_header_bytes,omitempty"`

	// Routes describes how this server will handle requests.
	// Routes are executed sequentially. First a route's matchers
	// are evaluated, then its grouping. If it matches and has
	// not been mutually-excluded by its grouping, then its
	// handlers are executed sequentially. The sequence of invoked
	// handlers comprises a compiled middleware chain that flows
	// from each matching route and its handlers to the next.
	//
	// By default, all unrouted requests receive a 200 OK response
	// to indicate the server is working.
	Routes RouteList `json:"routes,omitempty"`

	// Errors is how this server will handle errors returned from any
	// of the handlers in the primary routes. If the primary handler
	// chain returns an error, the error along with its recommended
	// status code are bubbled back up to the HTTP server which
	// executes a separate error route, specified using this property.
	// The error routes work exactly like the normal routes.
	Errors *HTTPErrorConfig `json:"errors,omitempty"`

	// How to handle TLS connections. At least one policy is
	// required to enable HTTPS on this server if automatic
	// HTTPS is disabled or does not apply.
	TLSConnPolicies caddytls.ConnectionPolicies `json:"tls_connection_policies,omitempty"`

	// AutoHTTPS configures or disables automatic HTTPS within this server.
	// HTTPS is enabled automatically and by default when qualifying names
	// are present in a Host matcher and/or when the server is listening
	// only on the HTTPS port.
	AutoHTTPS *AutoHTTPSConfig `json:"automatic_https,omitempty"`

	// If true, will require that a request's Host header match
	// the value of the ServerName sent by the client's TLS
	// ClientHello; often a necessary safeguard when using TLS
	// client authentication.
	StrictSNIHost *bool `json:"strict_sni_host,omitempty"`

	// Enables access logging and configures how access logs are handled
	// in this server. To minimally enable access logs, simply set this
	// to a non-null, empty struct.
	Logs *ServerLogConfig `json:"logs,omitempty"`

	// Enable experimental HTTP/3 support. Note that HTTP/3 is not a
	// finished standard and has extremely limited client support.
	// This field is not subject to compatibility promises.
	ExperimentalHTTP3 bool `json:"experimental_http3,omitempty"`

	// Enables H2C ("Cleartext HTTP/2" or "H2 over TCP") support,
	// which will serve HTTP/2 over plaintext TCP connections if
	// the client supports it. Because this is not implemented by the
	// Go standard library, using H2C is incompatible with most
	// of the other options for this server. Do not enable this
	// only to achieve maximum client compatibility. In practice,
	// very few clients implement H2C, and even fewer require it.
	// This setting applies only to unencrypted HTTP listeners.
	// ⚠️ Experimental feature; subject to change or removal.
	AllowH2C bool `json:"allow_h2c,omitempty"`

	name string

	primaryHandlerChain Handler
	errorHandlerChain   Handler
	listenerWrappers    []caddy.ListenerWrapper

	tlsApp       *caddytls.TLS
	logger       *zap.Logger
	accessLogger *zap.Logger
	errorLogger  *zap.Logger

	h3server *http3.Server
}

// ServeHTTP is the entry point for all HTTP requests.
func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Server", "Caddy")

	if s.h3server != nil {
		err := s.h3server.SetQuicHeaders(w.Header())
		if err != nil {
			s.logger.Error("setting HTTP/3 Alt-Svc header", zap.Error(err))
		}
	}

	repl := caddy.NewReplacer()
	r = PrepareRequest(r, repl, w, s)

	// encode the request for logging purposes before
	// it enters any handler chain; this is necessary
	// to capture the original request in case it gets
	// modified during handling
	loggableReq := zap.Object("request", LoggableHTTPRequest{r})
	errLog := s.errorLogger.With(loggableReq)

	var duration time.Duration

	if s.shouldLogRequest(r) {
		wrec := NewResponseRecorder(w, nil, nil)
		w = wrec

		// capture the original version of the request
		accLog := s.accessLogger.With(loggableReq)

		defer func() {
			repl.Set("http.response.status", wrec.Status())
			repl.Set("http.response.size", wrec.Size())
			repl.Set("http.response.duration", duration)

			logger := accLog
			if s.Logs != nil {
				logger = s.Logs.wrapLogger(logger, r.Host)
			}

			log := logger.Info
			if wrec.Status() >= 400 {
				log = logger.Error
			}

			userID, _ := repl.GetString("http.auth.user.id")

			log("handled request",
				zap.String("common_log", repl.ReplaceAll(commonLogFormat, commonLogEmptyValue)),
				zap.String("user_id", userID),
				zap.Duration("duration", duration),
				zap.Int("size", wrec.Size()),
				zap.Int("status", wrec.Status()),
				zap.Object("resp_headers", LoggableHTTPHeader(wrec.Header())),
			)
		}()
	}

	start := time.Now()

	// guarantee ACME HTTP challenges; handle them
	// separately from any user-defined handlers
	if s.tlsApp.HandleHTTPChallenge(w, r) {
		duration = time.Since(start)
		return
	}

	// execute the primary handler chain
	err := s.primaryHandlerChain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	duration = time.Since(start)

	// if no errors, we're done!
	if err == nil {
		return
	}

	// restore original request before invoking error handler chain (issue #3717)
	// TODO: this does not restore original headers, if modified (for efficiency)
	origReq := r.Context().Value(OriginalRequestCtxKey).(http.Request)
	r.Method = origReq.Method
	r.RemoteAddr = origReq.RemoteAddr
	r.RequestURI = origReq.RequestURI
	cloneURL(origReq.URL, r.URL)

	// prepare the error log
	logger := errLog
	if s.Logs != nil {
		logger = s.Logs.wrapLogger(logger, r.Host)
	}
	logger = logger.With(zap.Duration("duration", duration))

	// get the values that will be used to log the error
	errStatus, errMsg, errFields := errLogValues(err)

	// add HTTP error information to request context
	r = s.Errors.WithError(r, err)

	if s.Errors != nil && len(s.Errors.Routes) > 0 {
		// execute user-defined error handling route
		err2 := s.errorHandlerChain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		if err2 == nil {
			// user's error route handled the error response
			// successfully, so now just log the error
			if errStatus >= 500 {
				logger.Error(errMsg, errFields...)
			}
		} else {
			// well... this is awkward
			errFields = append([]zapcore.Field{
				zap.String("error", err2.Error()),
				zap.Namespace("first_error"),
				zap.String("msg", errMsg),
			}, errFields...)
			logger.Error("error handling handler error", errFields...)
			if handlerErr, ok := err.(HandlerError); ok {
				w.WriteHeader(handlerErr.StatusCode)
			} else {
				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
			}
		}
	} else {
		if errStatus >= 500 {
			logger.Error(errMsg, errFields...)
		}
		w.WriteHeader(errStatus)
	}
}

// wrapPrimaryRoute wraps stack (a compiled middleware handler chain)
// in s.enforcementHandler which performs crucial security checks, etc.
func (s *Server) wrapPrimaryRoute(stack Handler) Handler {
	return HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
		return s.enforcementHandler(w, r, stack)
	})
}

// enforcementHandler is an implicit middleware which performs
// standard checks before executing the HTTP middleware chain.
func (s *Server) enforcementHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, next Handler) error {
	// enforce strict host matching, which ensures that the SNI
	// value (if any), matches the Host header; essential for
	// servers that rely on TLS ClientAuth sharing a listener
	// with servers that do not; if not enforced, client could
	// bypass by sending benign SNI then restricted Host header
	if s.StrictSNIHost != nil && *s.StrictSNIHost && r.TLS != nil {
		hostname, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(r.Host)
		if err != nil {
			hostname = r.Host // OK; probably lacked port
		}
		if !strings.EqualFold(r.TLS.ServerName, hostname) {
			err := fmt.Errorf("strict host matching: TLS ServerName (%s) and HTTP Host (%s) values differ",
				r.TLS.ServerName, hostname)
			r.Close = true
			return Error(http.StatusForbidden, err)
		}
	}
	return next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

// listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan returns true if there are any
// listeners in s that use a port which is not otherPort.
func (s *Server) listenersUseAnyPortOtherThan(otherPort int) bool {
	for _, lnAddr := range s.Listen {
		laddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if uint(otherPort) > laddrs.EndPort || uint(otherPort) < laddrs.StartPort {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// hasListenerAddress returns true if s has a listener
// at the given address fullAddr. Currently, fullAddr
// must represent exactly one socket address (port
// ranges are not supported)
func (s *Server) hasListenerAddress(fullAddr string) bool {
	laddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(fullAddr)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	if laddrs.PortRangeSize() != 1 {
		return false // TODO: support port ranges
	}

	for _, lnAddr := range s.Listen {
		thisAddrs, err := caddy.ParseNetworkAddress(lnAddr)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		if thisAddrs.Network != laddrs.Network {
			continue
		}

		// Apparently, Linux requires all bound ports to be distinct
		// *regardless of host interface* even if the addresses are
		// in fact different; binding "192.168.0.1:9000" and then
		// ":9000" will fail for ":9000" because "address is already
		// in use" even though it's not, and the same bindings work
		// fine on macOS. I also found on Linux that listening on
		// "[::]:9000" would fail with a similar error, except with
		// the address "0.0.0.0:9000", as if deliberately ignoring
		// that I specified the IPv6 interface explicitly. This seems
		// to be a major bug in the Linux network stack and I don't
		// know why it hasn't been fixed yet, so for now we have to
		// special-case ourselves around Linux like a doting parent.
		// The second issue seems very similar to a discussion here:
		// https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/9390
		//
		// This is very easy to reproduce by creating an HTTP server
		// that listens to both addresses or just one with a host
		// interface; or for a more confusing reproduction, try
		// listening on "127.0.0.1:80" and ":443" and you'll see
		// the error, if you take away the GOOS condition below.
		//
		// So, an address is equivalent if the port is in the port
		// range, and if not on Linux, the host is the same... sigh.
		if (runtime.GOOS == "linux" || thisAddrs.Host == laddrs.Host) &&
			(laddrs.StartPort <= thisAddrs.EndPort) &&
			(laddrs.StartPort >= thisAddrs.StartPort) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (s *Server) hasTLSClientAuth() bool {
	for _, cp := range s.TLSConnPolicies {
		if cp.ClientAuthentication != nil && cp.ClientAuthentication.Active() {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// findLastRouteWithHostMatcher returns the index of the last route
// in the server which has a host matcher. Used during Automatic HTTPS
// to determine where to insert the HTTP->HTTPS redirect route, such
// that it is after any other host matcher but before any "catch-all"
// route without a host matcher.
func (s *Server) findLastRouteWithHostMatcher() int {
	foundHostMatcher := false
	lastIndex := len(s.Routes)

	for i, route := range s.Routes {
		// since we want to break out of an inner loop, use a closure
		// to allow us to use 'return' when we found a host matcher
		found := (func() bool {
			for _, sets := range route.MatcherSets {
				for _, matcher := range sets {
					switch matcher.(type) {
					case *MatchHost:
						foundHostMatcher = true
						return true
					}
				}
			}
			return false
		})()

		// if we found the host matcher, change the lastIndex to
		// just after the current route
		if found {
			lastIndex = i + 1
		}
	}

	// If we didn't actually find a host matcher, return 0
	// because that means every defined route was a "catch-all".
	// See https://caddy.community/t/how-to-set-priority-in-caddyfile/13002/8
	if !foundHostMatcher {
		return 0
	}

	return lastIndex
}

// HTTPErrorConfig determines how to handle errors
// from the HTTP handlers.
type HTTPErrorConfig struct {
	// The routes to evaluate after the primary handler
	// chain returns an error. In an error route, extra
	// placeholders are available:
	//
	// Placeholder | Description
	// ------------|---------------
	// `{http.error.status_code}` | The recommended HTTP status code
	// `{http.error.status_text}` | The status text associated with the recommended status code
	// `{http.error.message}`     | The error message
	// `{http.error.trace}`       | The origin of the error
	// `{http.error.id}`          | An identifier for this occurrence of the error
	Routes RouteList `json:"routes,omitempty"`
}

// WithError makes a shallow copy of r to add the error to its
// context, and sets placeholders on the request's replacer
// related to err. It returns the modified request which has
// the error information in its context and replacer. It
// overwrites any existing error values that are stored.
func (*HTTPErrorConfig) WithError(r *http.Request, err error) *http.Request {
	// add the raw error value to the request context
	// so it can be accessed by error handlers
	c := context.WithValue(r.Context(), ErrorCtxKey, err)
	r = r.WithContext(c)

	// add error values to the replacer
	repl := r.Context().Value(caddy.ReplacerCtxKey).(*caddy.Replacer)
	repl.Set("http.error", err)
	if handlerErr, ok := err.(HandlerError); ok {
		repl.Set("http.error.status_code", handlerErr.StatusCode)
		repl.Set("http.error.status_text", http.StatusText(handlerErr.StatusCode))
		repl.Set("http.error.trace", handlerErr.Trace)
		repl.Set("http.error.id", handlerErr.ID)
	}

	return r
}

// shouldLogRequest returns true if this request should be logged.
func (s *Server) shouldLogRequest(r *http.Request) bool {
	if s.accessLogger == nil || s.Logs == nil {
		// logging is disabled
		return false
	}
	for _, dh := range s.Logs.SkipHosts {
		// logging for this particular host is disabled
		if r.Host == dh {
			return false
		}
	}
	if _, ok := s.Logs.LoggerNames[r.Host]; ok {
		// this host is mapped to a particular logger name
		return true
	}
	if s.Logs.SkipUnmappedHosts {
		// this host is not mapped and thus must not be logged
		return false
	}
	return true
}

// ServerLogConfig describes a server's logging configuration. If
// enabled without customization, all requests to this server are
// logged to the default logger; logger destinations may be
// customized per-request-host.
type ServerLogConfig struct {
	// The default logger name for all logs emitted by this server for
	// hostnames that are not in the LoggerNames (logger_names) map.
	DefaultLoggerName string `json:"default_logger_name,omitempty"`

	// LoggerNames maps request hostnames to a custom logger name.
	// For example, a mapping of "example.com" to "example" would
	// cause access logs from requests with a Host of example.com
	// to be emitted by a logger named "http.log.access.example".
	LoggerNames map[string]string `json:"logger_names,omitempty"`

	// By default, all requests to this server will be logged if
	// access logging is enabled. This field lists the request
	// hosts for which access logging should be disabled.
	SkipHosts []string `json:"skip_hosts,omitempty"`

	// If true, requests to any host not appearing in the
	// LoggerNames (logger_names) map will not be logged.
	SkipUnmappedHosts bool `json:"skip_unmapped_hosts,omitempty"`
}

// wrapLogger wraps logger in a logger named according to user preferences for the given host.
func (slc ServerLogConfig) wrapLogger(logger *zap.Logger, host string) *zap.Logger {
	if loggerName := slc.getLoggerName(host); loggerName != "" {
		return logger.Named(loggerName)
	}
	return logger
}

func (slc ServerLogConfig) getLoggerName(host string) string {
	tryHost := func(key string) (string, bool) {
		// first try exact match
		if loggerName, ok := slc.LoggerNames[key]; ok {
			return loggerName, ok
		}
		// strip port and try again (i.e. Host header of "example.com:1234" should
		// match "example.com" if there is no "example.com:1234" in the map)
		hostOnly, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(key)
		if err != nil {
			return "", false
		}
		loggerName, ok := slc.LoggerNames[hostOnly]
		return loggerName, ok
	}

	// try the exact hostname first
	if loggerName, ok := tryHost(host); ok {
		return loggerName
	}

	// try matching wildcard domains if other non-specific loggers exist
	labels := strings.Split(host, ".")
	for i := range labels {
		if labels[i] == "" {
			continue
		}
		labels[i] = "*"
		wildcardHost := strings.Join(labels, ".")
		if loggerName, ok := tryHost(wildcardHost); ok {
			return loggerName
		}
	}

	return slc.DefaultLoggerName
}

// PrepareRequest fills the request r for use in a Caddy HTTP handler chain. w and s can
// be nil, but the handlers will lose response placeholders and access to the server.
func PrepareRequest(r *http.Request, repl *caddy.Replacer, w http.ResponseWriter, s *Server) *http.Request {
	// set up the context for the request
	ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), caddy.ReplacerCtxKey, repl)
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ServerCtxKey, s)
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, VarsCtxKey, make(map[string]interface{}))
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, routeGroupCtxKey, make(map[string]struct{}))
	var url2 url.URL // avoid letting this escape to the heap
	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, OriginalRequestCtxKey, originalRequest(r, &url2))
	r = r.WithContext(ctx)

	// once the pointer to the request won't change
	// anymore, finish setting up the replacer
	addHTTPVarsToReplacer(repl, r, w)

	return r
}

// errLogValues inspects err and returns the status code
// to use, the error log message, and any extra fields.
// If err is a HandlerError, the returned values will
// have richer information.
func errLogValues(err error) (status int, msg string, fields []zapcore.Field) {
	if handlerErr, ok := err.(HandlerError); ok {
		status = handlerErr.StatusCode
		if handlerErr.Err == nil {
			msg = err.Error()
		} else {
			msg = handlerErr.Err.Error()
		}
		fields = []zapcore.Field{
			zap.Int("status", handlerErr.StatusCode),
			zap.String("err_id", handlerErr.ID),
			zap.String("err_trace", handlerErr.Trace),
		}
		return
	}
	status = http.StatusInternalServerError
	msg = err.Error()
	return
}

// originalRequest returns a partial, shallow copy of
// req, including: req.Method, deep copy of req.URL
// (into the urlCopy parameter, which should be on the
// stack), req.RequestURI, and req.RemoteAddr. Notably,
// headers are not copied. This function is designed to
// be very fast and efficient, and useful primarily for
// read-only/logging purposes.
func originalRequest(req *http.Request, urlCopy *url.URL) http.Request {
	cloneURL(req.URL, urlCopy)
	return http.Request{
		Method:     req.Method,
		RemoteAddr: req.RemoteAddr,
		RequestURI: req.RequestURI,
		URL:        urlCopy,
	}
}

// cloneURL makes a copy of r.URL and returns a
// new value that doesn't reference the original.
func cloneURL(from, to *url.URL) {
	*to = *from
	if from.User != nil {
		userInfo := new(url.Userinfo)
		*userInfo = *from.User
		to.User = userInfo
	}
}

const (
	// commonLogFormat is the common log format. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Log_Format
	commonLogFormat = `{http.request.remote.host} ` + commonLogEmptyValue + ` {http.auth.user.id} [{time.now.common_log}] "{http.request.orig_method} {http.request.orig_uri} {http.request.proto}" {http.response.status} {http.response.size}`

	// commonLogEmptyValue is the common empty log value.
	commonLogEmptyValue = "-"
)

// Context keys for HTTP request context values.
const (
	// For referencing the server instance
	ServerCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "server"

	// For the request's variable table
	VarsCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "vars"

	// For a partial copy of the unmodified request that
	// originally came into the server's entry handler
	OriginalRequestCtxKey caddy.CtxKey = "original_request"
)