Add quarter support in temporal kernels

[MazterQyou]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge? Please describe what you are trying to do.
Getting date's quarter is widely supported across different RDBMS and should be trivial to implement.
This will allow, for instance, extending apache/arrow-datafusion's date_part SQL builtin to support quarter field extraction.

Describe the solution you'd like
temporal::quarter should return a value in range of 1-4, depending on the quarter of the year.

Describe alternatives you've considered
N/A

Additional context
N/A