primitive_array.rs

// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

use crate::builder::{BooleanBufferBuilder, BufferBuilder, PrimitiveBuilder};
use crate::iterator::PrimitiveIter;
use crate::raw_pointer::RawPtrBox;
use crate::temporal_conversions::{
    as_date, as_datetime, as_datetime_with_timezone, as_duration, as_time,
};
use crate::timezone::Tz;
use crate::trusted_len::trusted_len_unzip;
use crate::types::*;
use crate::{print_long_array, Array, ArrayAccessor};
use arrow_buffer::{i256, ArrowNativeType, Buffer};
use arrow_data::bit_iterator::try_for_each_valid_idx;
use arrow_data::ArrayData;
use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType};
use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime};
use half::f16;
use std::any::Any;

///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Int8Array;
/// let arr : Int8Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Int8Array = PrimitiveArray<Int8Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Int16Array;
/// let arr : Int16Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Int16Array = PrimitiveArray<Int16Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Int32Array;
/// let arr : Int32Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Int32Array = PrimitiveArray<Int32Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Int64Array;
/// let arr : Int64Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Int64Array = PrimitiveArray<Int64Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::UInt8Array;
/// let arr : UInt8Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type UInt8Array = PrimitiveArray<UInt8Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::UInt16Array;
/// let arr : UInt16Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type UInt16Array = PrimitiveArray<UInt16Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::UInt32Array;
/// let arr : UInt32Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type UInt32Array = PrimitiveArray<UInt32Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::UInt64Array;
/// let arr : UInt64Array = [Some(1), Some(2)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type UInt64Array = PrimitiveArray<UInt64Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Float16Array;
/// use half::f16;
/// let arr : Float16Array = [Some(f16::from_f64(1.0)), Some(f16::from_f64(2.0))].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Float16Array = PrimitiveArray<Float16Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Float32Array;
/// let arr : Float32Array = [Some(1.0), Some(2.0)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Float32Array = PrimitiveArray<Float32Type>;
///
/// # Example: Using `collect`
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::Float64Array;
/// let arr : Float64Array = [Some(1.0), Some(2.0)].into_iter().collect();
/// ```
pub type Float64Array = PrimitiveArray<Float64Type>;

///
/// A primitive array where each element is of type [TimestampSecondType].
/// See also [`Timestamp`](arrow_schema::DataType::Timestamp).
///
/// # Example: UTC timestamps post epoch
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::TimestampSecondArray;
/// use arrow_array::timezone::Tz;
/// // Corresponds to single element array with entry 1970-05-09T14:25:11+0:00
/// let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![11111111]);
/// // OR
/// let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![Some(11111111)]);
/// let utc_tz: Tz = "+00:00".parse().unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(arr.value_as_datetime_with_tz(0, utc_tz).map(|v| v.to_string()).unwrap(), "1970-05-09 14:25:11 +00:00")
/// ```
///
/// # Example: UTC timestamps pre epoch
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::TimestampSecondArray;
/// use arrow_array::timezone::Tz;
/// // Corresponds to single element array with entry 1969-08-25T09:34:49+0:00
/// let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![-11111111]);
/// // OR
/// let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![Some(-11111111)]);
/// let utc_tz: Tz = "+00:00".parse().unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(arr.value_as_datetime_with_tz(0, utc_tz).map(|v| v.to_string()).unwrap(), "1969-08-25 09:34:49 +00:00")
/// ```
///
/// # Example: With timezone specified
/// ```
/// # use arrow_array::TimestampSecondArray;
/// use arrow_array::timezone::Tz;
/// // Corresponds to single element array with entry 1970-05-10T00:25:11+10:00
/// let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![11111111]).with_timezone("+10:00".to_string());
/// // OR
/// let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![Some(11111111)]).with_timezone("+10:00".to_string());
/// let sydney_tz: Tz = "+10:00".parse().unwrap();
///
/// assert_eq!(arr.value_as_datetime_with_tz(0, sydney_tz).map(|v| v.to_string()).unwrap(), "1970-05-10 00:25:11 +10:00")
/// ```
///
pub type TimestampSecondArray = PrimitiveArray<TimestampSecondType>;
/// A primitive array where each element is of type `TimestampMillisecondType.`
/// See examples for [`TimestampSecondArray.`](crate::array::TimestampSecondArray)
pub type TimestampMillisecondArray = PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType>;
/// A primitive array where each element is of type `TimestampMicrosecondType.`
/// See examples for [`TimestampSecondArray.`](crate::array::TimestampSecondArray)
pub type TimestampMicrosecondArray = PrimitiveArray<TimestampMicrosecondType>;
/// A primitive array where each element is of type `TimestampNanosecondType.`
/// See examples for [`TimestampSecondArray.`](crate::array::TimestampSecondArray)
pub type TimestampNanosecondArray = PrimitiveArray<TimestampNanosecondType>;

// TODO: give examples for the below types

/// A primitive array where each element is of 32-bit date type.
pub type Date32Array = PrimitiveArray<Date32Type>;
/// A primitive array where each element is of 64-bit date type.
pub type Date64Array = PrimitiveArray<Date64Type>;

/// An array where each element is of 32-bit type representing time elapsed in seconds
/// since midnight.
pub type Time32SecondArray = PrimitiveArray<Time32SecondType>;
/// An array where each element is of 32-bit type representing time elapsed in milliseconds
/// since midnight.
pub type Time32MillisecondArray = PrimitiveArray<Time32MillisecondType>;
/// An array where each element is of 64-bit type representing time elapsed in microseconds
/// since midnight.
pub type Time64MicrosecondArray = PrimitiveArray<Time64MicrosecondType>;
/// An array where each element is of 64-bit type representing time elapsed in nanoseconds
/// since midnight.
pub type Time64NanosecondArray = PrimitiveArray<Time64NanosecondType>;

/// An array where each element is a “calendar” interval in months.
pub type IntervalYearMonthArray = PrimitiveArray<IntervalYearMonthType>;
/// An array where each element is a “calendar” interval days and milliseconds.
pub type IntervalDayTimeArray = PrimitiveArray<IntervalDayTimeType>;
/// An array where each element is a “calendar” interval in  months, days, and nanoseconds.
pub type IntervalMonthDayNanoArray = PrimitiveArray<IntervalMonthDayNanoType>;

/// An array where each element is an elapsed time type in seconds.
pub type DurationSecondArray = PrimitiveArray<DurationSecondType>;
/// An array where each element is an elapsed time type in milliseconds.
pub type DurationMillisecondArray = PrimitiveArray<DurationMillisecondType>;
/// An array where each element is an elapsed time type in microseconds.
pub type DurationMicrosecondArray = PrimitiveArray<DurationMicrosecondType>;
/// An array where each element is an elapsed time type in nanoseconds.
pub type DurationNanosecondArray = PrimitiveArray<DurationNanosecondType>;

/// An array where each element is a 128-bits decimal with precision in [1, 38] and
/// scale less or equal to 38.
pub type Decimal128Array = PrimitiveArray<Decimal128Type>;
/// An array where each element is a 256-bits decimal with precision in [1, 76] and
/// scale less or equal to 76.
pub type Decimal256Array = PrimitiveArray<Decimal256Type>;

/// Trait bridging the dynamic-typed nature of Arrow (via [`DataType`]) with the
/// static-typed nature of rust types ([`ArrowNativeType`]) for all types that implement [`ArrowNativeType`].
pub trait ArrowPrimitiveType: 'static {
    /// Corresponding Rust native type for the primitive type.
    type Native: ArrowNativeType;

    /// the corresponding Arrow data type of this primitive type.
    const DATA_TYPE: DataType;

    /// Returns the byte width of this primitive type.
    fn get_byte_width() -> usize {
        std::mem::size_of::<Self::Native>()
    }

    /// Returns a default value of this primitive type.
    ///
    /// This is useful for aggregate array ops like `sum()`, `mean()`.
    fn default_value() -> Self::Native {
        Default::default()
    }
}

/// Array whose elements are of primitive types.
///
/// # Example: From an iterator of values
///
/// ```
/// use arrow_array::{Array, PrimitiveArray, types::Int32Type};
/// let arr: PrimitiveArray<Int32Type> = PrimitiveArray::from_iter_values((0..10).map(|x| x + 1));
/// assert_eq!(10, arr.len());
/// assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
/// for i in 0..10i32 {
///     assert_eq!(i + 1, arr.value(i as usize));
/// }
/// ```
pub struct PrimitiveArray<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> {
    /// Underlying ArrayData
    /// # Safety
    /// must have exactly one buffer, aligned to type T
    data: ArrayData,
    /// Pointer to the value array. The lifetime of this must be <= to the value buffer
    /// stored in `data`, so it's safe to store.
    /// # Safety
    /// raw_values must have a value equivalent to `data.buffers()[0].raw_data()`
    /// raw_values must have alignment for type T::NativeType
    raw_values: RawPtrBox<T::Native>,
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> Clone for PrimitiveArray<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Self {
            data: self.data.clone(),
            raw_values: self.raw_values,
        }
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> PrimitiveArray<T> {
    /// Returns the length of this array.
    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.data.len()
    }

    /// Returns whether this array is empty.
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.data.is_empty()
    }

    /// Returns a slice of the values of this array
    #[inline]
    pub fn values(&self) -> &[T::Native] {
        // Soundness
        //     raw_values alignment & location is ensured by fn from(ArrayDataRef)
        //     buffer bounds/offset is ensured by the ArrayData instance.
        unsafe {
            std::slice::from_raw_parts(
                self.raw_values.as_ptr().add(self.data.offset()),
                self.len(),
            )
        }
    }

    /// Returns a new primitive array builder
    pub fn builder(capacity: usize) -> PrimitiveBuilder<T> {
        PrimitiveBuilder::<T>::with_capacity(capacity)
    }

    /// Returns if this [`PrimitiveArray`] is compatible with the provided [`DataType`]
    ///
    /// This is equivalent to `data_type == T::DATA_TYPE`, however ignores timestamp
    /// timezones and decimal precision and scale
    pub fn is_compatible(data_type: &DataType) -> bool {
        match T::DATA_TYPE {
            DataType::Timestamp(t1, _) => {
                matches!(data_type, DataType::Timestamp(t2, _) if &t1 == t2)
            }
            DataType::Decimal128(_, _) => matches!(data_type, DataType::Decimal128(_, _)),
            DataType::Decimal256(_, _) => matches!(data_type, DataType::Decimal256(_, _)),
            _ => T::DATA_TYPE.eq(data_type),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the primitive value at index `i`.
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// caller must ensure that the passed in offset is less than the array len()
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn value_unchecked(&self, i: usize) -> T::Native {
        let offset = i + self.offset();
        *self.raw_values.as_ptr().add(offset)
    }

    /// Returns the primitive value at index `i`.
    /// # Panics
    /// Panics if index `i` is out of bounds
    #[inline]
    pub fn value(&self, i: usize) -> T::Native {
        assert!(
            i < self.len(),
            "Trying to access an element at index {} from a PrimitiveArray of length {}",
            i,
            self.len()
        );
        unsafe { self.value_unchecked(i) }
    }

    /// Creates a PrimitiveArray based on an iterator of values without nulls
    pub fn from_iter_values<I: IntoIterator<Item = T::Native>>(iter: I) -> Self {
        let val_buf: Buffer = iter.into_iter().collect();
        let data = unsafe {
            ArrayData::new_unchecked(
                T::DATA_TYPE,
                val_buf.len() / std::mem::size_of::<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>(),
                None,
                None,
                0,
                vec![val_buf],
                vec![],
            )
        };
        PrimitiveArray::from(data)
    }

    /// Creates a PrimitiveArray based on a constant value with `count` elements
    pub fn from_value(value: T::Native, count: usize) -> Self {
        unsafe {
            let val_buf = Buffer::from_trusted_len_iter((0..count).map(|_| value));
            build_primitive_array(count, val_buf, 0, None)
        }
    }

    /// Returns an iterator that returns the values of `array.value(i)` for an iterator with each element `i`
    pub fn take_iter<'a>(
        &'a self,
        indexes: impl Iterator<Item = Option<usize>> + 'a,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Option<T::Native>> + 'a {
        indexes.map(|opt_index| opt_index.map(|index| self.value(index)))
    }

    /// Returns an iterator that returns the values of `array.value(i)` for an iterator with each element `i`
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// caller must ensure that the offsets in the iterator are less than the array len()
    pub unsafe fn take_iter_unchecked<'a>(
        &'a self,
        indexes: impl Iterator<Item = Option<usize>> + 'a,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Option<T::Native>> + 'a {
        indexes.map(|opt_index| opt_index.map(|index| self.value_unchecked(index)))
    }

    /// Reinterprets this array's contents as a different data type without copying
    ///
    /// This can be used to efficiently convert between primitive arrays with the
    /// same underlying representation
    ///
    /// Note: this will not modify the underlying values, and therefore may change
    /// the semantic values of the array, e.g. 100 milliseconds in a [`TimestampNanosecondArray`]
    /// will become 100 seconds in a [`TimestampSecondArray`].
    ///
    /// For casts that preserve the semantic value, check out the [compute kernels]
    ///
    /// [compute kernels](https://docs.rs/arrow/latest/arrow/compute/kernels/cast/index.html)
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use arrow_array::{Int64Array, TimestampNanosecondArray};
    /// let a = Int64Array::from_iter_values([1, 2, 3, 4]);
    /// let b: TimestampNanosecondArray = a.reinterpret_cast();
    /// ```
    pub fn reinterpret_cast<K>(&self) -> PrimitiveArray<K>
    where
        K: ArrowPrimitiveType<Native = T::Native>,
    {
        let d = self.data.clone().into_builder().data_type(K::DATA_TYPE);

        // SAFETY:
        // Native type is the same
        PrimitiveArray::from(unsafe { d.build_unchecked() })
    }

    /// Applies an unary and infallible function to a primitive array.
    /// This is the fastest way to perform an operation on a primitive array when
    /// the benefits of a vectorized operation outweigh the cost of branching nulls and non-nulls.
    ///
    /// # Implementation
    ///
    /// This will apply the function for all values, including those on null slots.
    /// This implies that the operation must be infallible for any value of the corresponding type
    /// or this function may panic.
    /// # Example
    /// ```rust
    /// # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, types::Int32Type};
    /// # fn main() {
    /// let array = Int32Array::from(vec![Some(5), Some(7), None]);
    /// let c = array.unary(|x| x * 2 + 1);
    /// assert_eq!(c, Int32Array::from(vec![Some(11), Some(15), None]));
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn unary<F, O>(&self, op: F) -> PrimitiveArray<O>
    where
        O: ArrowPrimitiveType,
        F: Fn(T::Native) -> O::Native,
    {
        let data = self.data();
        let len = self.len();
        let null_count = self.null_count();

        let null_buffer = data.null_buffer().map(|b| b.bit_slice(data.offset(), len));
        let values = self.values().iter().map(|v| op(*v));
        // JUSTIFICATION
        //  Benefit
        //      ~60% speedup
        //  Soundness
        //      `values` is an iterator with a known size because arrays are sized.
        let buffer = unsafe { Buffer::from_trusted_len_iter(values) };
        unsafe { build_primitive_array(len, buffer, null_count, null_buffer) }
    }

    /// Applies an unary and infallible function to a mutable primitive array.
    /// Mutable primitive array means that the buffer is not shared with other arrays.
    /// As a result, this mutates the buffer directly without allocating new buffer.
    ///
    /// # Implementation
    ///
    /// This will apply the function for all values, including those on null slots.
    /// This implies that the operation must be infallible for any value of the corresponding type
    /// or this function may panic.
    /// # Example
    /// ```rust
    /// # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, types::Int32Type};
    /// # fn main() {
    /// let array = Int32Array::from(vec![Some(5), Some(7), None]);
    /// let c = array.unary_mut(|x| x * 2 + 1).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(c, Int32Array::from(vec![Some(11), Some(15), None]));
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn unary_mut<F>(self, op: F) -> Result<PrimitiveArray<T>, PrimitiveArray<T>>
    where
        F: Fn(T::Native) -> T::Native,
    {
        let mut builder = self.into_builder()?;
        builder
            .values_slice_mut()
            .iter_mut()
            .for_each(|v| *v = op(*v));
        Ok(builder.finish())
    }

    /// Applies a unary and fallible function to all valid values in a primitive array
    ///
    /// This is unlike [`Self::unary`] which will apply an infallible function to all rows
    /// regardless of validity, in many cases this will be significantly faster and should
    /// be preferred if `op` is infallible.
    ///
    /// Note: LLVM is currently unable to effectively vectorize fallible operations
    pub fn try_unary<F, O, E>(&self, op: F) -> Result<PrimitiveArray<O>, E>
    where
        O: ArrowPrimitiveType,
        F: Fn(T::Native) -> Result<O::Native, E>,
    {
        let data = self.data();
        let len = self.len();
        let null_count = self.null_count();

        if null_count == 0 {
            let values = self.values().iter().map(|v| op(*v));
            // JUSTIFICATION
            //  Benefit
            //      ~60% speedup
            //  Soundness
            //      `values` is an iterator with a known size because arrays are sized.
            let buffer = unsafe { Buffer::try_from_trusted_len_iter(values)? };
            return Ok(unsafe { build_primitive_array(len, buffer, 0, None) });
        }

        let null_buffer = data.null_buffer().map(|b| b.bit_slice(data.offset(), len));
        let mut buffer = BufferBuilder::<O::Native>::new(len);
        buffer.append_n_zeroed(len);
        let slice = buffer.as_slice_mut();

        try_for_each_valid_idx(len, 0, null_count, null_buffer.as_deref(), |idx| {
            unsafe { *slice.get_unchecked_mut(idx) = op(self.value_unchecked(idx))? };
            Ok::<_, E>(())
        })?;

        Ok(unsafe {
            build_primitive_array(len, buffer.finish(), null_count, null_buffer)
        })
    }

    /// Applies an unary and fallible function to all valid values in a mutable primitive array.
    /// Mutable primitive array means that the buffer is not shared with other arrays.
    /// As a result, this mutates the buffer directly without allocating new buffer.
    ///
    /// This is unlike [`Self::unary_mut`] which will apply an infallible function to all rows
    /// regardless of validity, in many cases this will be significantly faster and should
    /// be preferred if `op` is infallible.
    ///
    /// This returns an `Err` when the input array is shared buffer with other
    /// array. In the case, returned `Err` wraps input array. If the function
    /// encounters an error during applying on values. In the case, this returns an `Err` within
    /// an `Ok` which wraps the actual error.
    ///
    /// Note: LLVM is currently unable to effectively vectorize fallible operations
    pub fn try_unary_mut<F, E>(
        self,
        op: F,
    ) -> Result<Result<PrimitiveArray<T>, E>, PrimitiveArray<T>>
    where
        F: Fn(T::Native) -> Result<T::Native, E>,
    {
        let len = self.len();
        let null_count = self.null_count();
        let mut builder = self.into_builder()?;

        let (slice, null_buffer) = builder.slices_mut();

        match try_for_each_valid_idx(len, 0, null_count, null_buffer.as_deref(), |idx| {
            unsafe { *slice.get_unchecked_mut(idx) = op(*slice.get_unchecked(idx))? };
            Ok::<_, E>(())
        }) {
            Ok(_) => {}
            Err(err) => return Ok(Err(err)),
        };

        Ok(Ok(builder.finish()))
    }

    /// Applies a unary and nullable function to all valid values in a primitive array
    ///
    /// This is unlike [`Self::unary`] which will apply an infallible function to all rows
    /// regardless of validity, in many cases this will be significantly faster and should
    /// be preferred if `op` is infallible.
    ///
    /// Note: LLVM is currently unable to effectively vectorize fallible operations
    pub fn unary_opt<F, O>(&self, op: F) -> PrimitiveArray<O>
    where
        O: ArrowPrimitiveType,
        F: Fn(T::Native) -> Option<O::Native>,
    {
        let data = self.data();
        let len = data.len();
        let offset = data.offset();
        let null_count = data.null_count();
        let nulls = data.null_buffer().map(|x| x.as_slice());

        let mut null_builder = BooleanBufferBuilder::new(len);
        match nulls {
            Some(b) => null_builder.append_packed_range(offset..offset + len, b),
            None => null_builder.append_n(len, true),
        }

        let mut buffer = BufferBuilder::<O::Native>::new(len);
        buffer.append_n_zeroed(len);
        let slice = buffer.as_slice_mut();

        let mut out_null_count = null_count;

        let _ = try_for_each_valid_idx(len, offset, null_count, nulls, |idx| {
            match op(unsafe { self.value_unchecked(idx) }) {
                Some(v) => unsafe { *slice.get_unchecked_mut(idx) = v },
                None => {
                    out_null_count += 1;
                    null_builder.set_bit(idx, false);
                }
            }
            Ok::<_, ()>(())
        });

        unsafe {
            build_primitive_array(
                len,
                buffer.finish(),
                out_null_count,
                Some(null_builder.finish()),
            )
        }
    }

    /// Returns `PrimitiveBuilder` of this primitive array for mutating its values if the underlying
    /// data buffer is not shared by others.
    pub fn into_builder(self) -> Result<PrimitiveBuilder<T>, Self> {
        let len = self.len();
        let null_bit_buffer = self
            .data
            .null_buffer()
            .map(|b| b.bit_slice(self.data.offset(), len));

        let element_len = std::mem::size_of::<T::Native>();
        let buffer = self.data.buffers()[0]
            .slice_with_length(self.data.offset() * element_len, len * element_len);

        drop(self.data);

        let try_mutable_null_buffer = match null_bit_buffer {
            None => Ok(None),
            Some(null_buffer) => {
                // Null buffer exists, tries to make it mutable
                null_buffer.into_mutable().map(Some)
            }
        };

        let try_mutable_buffers = match try_mutable_null_buffer {
            Ok(mutable_null_buffer) => {
                // Got mutable null buffer, tries to get mutable value buffer
                let try_mutable_buffer = buffer.into_mutable();

                // try_mutable_buffer.map(...).map_err(...) doesn't work as the compiler complains
                // mutable_null_buffer is moved into map closure.
                match try_mutable_buffer {
                    Ok(mutable_buffer) => Ok(PrimitiveBuilder::<T>::new_from_buffer(
                        mutable_buffer,
                        mutable_null_buffer,
                    )),
                    Err(buffer) => Err((buffer, mutable_null_buffer.map(|b| b.into()))),
                }
            }
            Err(mutable_null_buffer) => {
                // Unable to get mutable null buffer
                Err((buffer, Some(mutable_null_buffer)))
            }
        };

        match try_mutable_buffers {
            Ok(builder) => Ok(builder),
            Err((buffer, null_bit_buffer)) => {
                let builder = ArrayData::builder(T::DATA_TYPE)
                    .len(len)
                    .add_buffer(buffer)
                    .null_bit_buffer(null_bit_buffer);

                let array_data = unsafe { builder.build_unchecked() };
                let array = PrimitiveArray::<T>::from(array_data);

                Err(array)
            }
        }
    }
}

#[inline]
unsafe fn build_primitive_array<O: ArrowPrimitiveType>(
    len: usize,
    buffer: Buffer,
    null_count: usize,
    null_buffer: Option<Buffer>,
) -> PrimitiveArray<O> {
    PrimitiveArray::from(ArrayData::new_unchecked(
        O::DATA_TYPE,
        len,
        Some(null_count),
        null_buffer,
        0,
        vec![buffer],
        vec![],
    ))
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> From<PrimitiveArray<T>> for ArrayData {
    fn from(array: PrimitiveArray<T>) -> Self {
        array.data
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> Array for PrimitiveArray<T> {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn data(&self) -> &ArrayData {
        &self.data
    }

    fn into_data(self) -> ArrayData {
        self.into()
    }
}

impl<'a, T: ArrowPrimitiveType> ArrayAccessor for &'a PrimitiveArray<T> {
    type Item = T::Native;

    fn value(&self, index: usize) -> Self::Item {
        PrimitiveArray::value(self, index)
    }

    unsafe fn value_unchecked(&self, index: usize) -> Self::Item {
        PrimitiveArray::value_unchecked(self, index)
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowTemporalType> PrimitiveArray<T>
where
    i64: From<T::Native>,
{
    /// Returns value as a chrono `NaiveDateTime`, handling time resolution
    ///
    /// If a data type cannot be converted to `NaiveDateTime`, a `None` is returned.
    /// A valid value is expected, thus the user should first check for validity.
    pub fn value_as_datetime(&self, i: usize) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
        as_datetime::<T>(i64::from(self.value(i)))
    }

    /// Returns value as a chrono `NaiveDateTime`, handling time resolution with the provided tz
    ///
    /// functionally it is same as `value_as_datetime`, however it adds
    /// the passed tz to the to-be-returned NaiveDateTime
    pub fn value_as_datetime_with_tz(&self, i: usize, tz: Tz) -> Option<DateTime<Tz>> {
        as_datetime_with_timezone::<T>(i64::from(self.value(i)), tz)
    }

    /// Returns value as a chrono `NaiveDate` by using `Self::datetime()`
    ///
    /// If a data type cannot be converted to `NaiveDate`, a `None` is returned
    pub fn value_as_date(&self, i: usize) -> Option<NaiveDate> {
        self.value_as_datetime(i).map(|datetime| datetime.date())
    }

    /// Returns a value as a chrono `NaiveTime`
    ///
    /// `Date32` and `Date64` return UTC midnight as they do not have time resolution
    pub fn value_as_time(&self, i: usize) -> Option<NaiveTime> {
        as_time::<T>(i64::from(self.value(i)))
    }

    /// Returns a value as a chrono `Duration`
    ///
    /// If a data type cannot be converted to `Duration`, a `None` is returned
    pub fn value_as_duration(&self, i: usize) -> Option<Duration> {
        as_duration::<T>(i64::from(self.value(i)))
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> std::fmt::Debug for PrimitiveArray<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
        let data_type = self.data_type();
        write!(f, "PrimitiveArray<{data_type:?}>\n[\n")?;
        print_long_array(self, f, |array, index, f| match data_type {
            DataType::Date32 | DataType::Date64 => {
                let v = self.value(index).to_isize().unwrap() as i64;
                match as_date::<T>(v) {
                    Some(date) => write!(f, "{date:?}"),
                    None => write!(f, "null"),
                }
            }
            DataType::Time32(_) | DataType::Time64(_) => {
                let v = self.value(index).to_isize().unwrap() as i64;
                match as_time::<T>(v) {
                    Some(time) => write!(f, "{time:?}"),
                    None => write!(f, "null"),
                }
            }
            DataType::Timestamp(_, tz_string_opt) => {
                let v = self.value(index).to_isize().unwrap() as i64;
                match tz_string_opt {
                    // for Timestamp with TimeZone
                    Some(tz_string) => {
                        match tz_string.parse::<Tz>() {
                            // if the time zone is valid, construct a DateTime<Tz> and format it as rfc3339
                            Ok(tz) => match as_datetime_with_timezone::<T>(v, tz) {
                                Some(datetime) => write!(f, "{}", datetime.to_rfc3339()),
                                None => write!(f, "null"),
                            },
                            // if the time zone is invalid, shows NaiveDateTime with an error message
                            Err(_) => match as_datetime::<T>(v) {
                                Some(datetime) => write!(
                                    f,
                                    "{datetime:?} (Unknown Time Zone '{tz_string}')"
                                ),
                                None => write!(f, "null"),
                            },
                        }
                    }
                    // for Timestamp without TimeZone
                    None => match as_datetime::<T>(v) {
                        Some(datetime) => write!(f, "{datetime:?}"),
                        None => write!(f, "null"),
                    },
                }
            }
            _ => std::fmt::Debug::fmt(&array.value(index), f),
        })?;
        write!(f, "]")
    }
}

impl<'a, T: ArrowPrimitiveType> IntoIterator for &'a PrimitiveArray<T> {
    type Item = Option<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>;
    type IntoIter = PrimitiveIter<'a, T>;

    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
        PrimitiveIter::<'a, T>::new(self)
    }
}

impl<'a, T: ArrowPrimitiveType> PrimitiveArray<T> {
    /// constructs a new iterator
    pub fn iter(&'a self) -> PrimitiveIter<'a, T> {
        PrimitiveIter::<'a, T>::new(self)
    }
}

/// This struct is used as an adapter when creating `PrimitiveArray` from an iterator.
/// `FromIterator` for `PrimitiveArray` takes an iterator where the elements can be `into`
/// this struct. So once implementing `From` or `Into` trait for a type, an iterator of
/// the type can be collected to `PrimitiveArray`.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct NativeAdapter<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> {
    /// Corresponding Rust native type if available
    pub native: Option<T::Native>,
}

macro_rules! def_from_for_primitive {
    ( $ty:ident, $tt:tt) => {
        impl From<$tt> for NativeAdapter<$ty> {
            fn from(value: $tt) -> Self {
                NativeAdapter {
                    native: Some(value),
                }
            }
        }
    };
}

def_from_for_primitive!(Int8Type, i8);
def_from_for_primitive!(Int16Type, i16);
def_from_for_primitive!(Int32Type, i32);
def_from_for_primitive!(Int64Type, i64);
def_from_for_primitive!(UInt8Type, u8);
def_from_for_primitive!(UInt16Type, u16);
def_from_for_primitive!(UInt32Type, u32);
def_from_for_primitive!(UInt64Type, u64);
def_from_for_primitive!(Float16Type, f16);
def_from_for_primitive!(Float32Type, f32);
def_from_for_primitive!(Float64Type, f64);
def_from_for_primitive!(Decimal128Type, i128);
def_from_for_primitive!(Decimal256Type, i256);

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> From<Option<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>>
    for NativeAdapter<T>
{
    fn from(value: Option<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>) -> Self {
        NativeAdapter { native: value }
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> From<&Option<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>>
    for NativeAdapter<T>
{
    fn from(value: &Option<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>) -> Self {
        NativeAdapter { native: *value }
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType, Ptr: Into<NativeAdapter<T>>> FromIterator<Ptr>
    for PrimitiveArray<T>
{
    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = Ptr>>(iter: I) -> Self {
        let iter = iter.into_iter();
        let (lower, _) = iter.size_hint();

        let mut null_builder = BooleanBufferBuilder::new(lower);

        let buffer: Buffer = iter
            .map(|item| {
                if let Some(a) = item.into().native {
                    null_builder.append(true);
                    a
                } else {
                    null_builder.append(false);
                    // this ensures that null items on the buffer are not arbitrary.
                    // This is important because fallible operations can use null values (e.g. a vectorized "add")
                    // which may panic (e.g. overflow if the number on the slots happen to be very large).
                    T::Native::default()
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let len = null_builder.len();

        let data = unsafe {
            ArrayData::new_unchecked(
                T::DATA_TYPE,
                len,
                None,
                Some(null_builder.into()),
                0,
                vec![buffer],
                vec![],
            )
        };
        PrimitiveArray::from(data)
    }
}

impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> PrimitiveArray<T> {
    /// Creates a [`PrimitiveArray`] from an iterator of trusted length.
    /// # Safety
    /// The iterator must be [`TrustedLen`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.TrustedLen.html).
    /// I.e. that `size_hint().1` correctly reports its length.
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn from_trusted_len_iter<I, P>(iter: I) -> Self
    where
        P: std::borrow::Borrow<Option<<T as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>>,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
    {
        let iterator = iter.into_iter();
        let (_, upper) = iterator.size_hint();
        let len = upper.expect("trusted_len_unzip requires an upper limit");

        let (null, buffer) = trusted_len_unzip(iterator);

        let data = ArrayData::new_unchecked(
            T::DATA_TYPE,
            len,
            None,
            Some(null),
            0,
            vec![buffer],
            vec![],
        );
        PrimitiveArray::from(data)
    }
}

// TODO: the macro is needed here because we'd get "conflicting implementations" error
// otherwise with both `From<Vec<T::Native>>` and `From<Vec<Option<T::Native>>>`.
// We should revisit this in future.
macro_rules! def_numeric_from_vec {
    ( $ty:ident ) => {
        impl From<Vec<<$ty as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>> for PrimitiveArray<$ty> {
            fn from(data: Vec<<$ty as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>) -> Self {
                let array_data = ArrayData::builder($ty::DATA_TYPE)
                    .len(data.len())
                    .add_buffer(Buffer::from_slice_ref(&data));
                let array_data = unsafe { array_data.build_unchecked() };
                PrimitiveArray::from(array_data)
            }
        }

        // Constructs a primitive array from a vector. Should only be used for testing.
        impl From<Vec<Option<<$ty as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>>>
            for PrimitiveArray<$ty>
        {
            fn from(data: Vec<Option<<$ty as ArrowPrimitiveType>::Native>>) -> Self {
                PrimitiveArray::from_iter(data.iter())
            }
        }
    };
}

def_numeric_from_vec!(Int8Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Int16Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Int32Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Int64Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(UInt8Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(UInt16Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(UInt32Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(UInt64Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Float32Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Float64Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Decimal128Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Decimal256Type);

def_numeric_from_vec!(Date32Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Date64Type);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Time32SecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Time32MillisecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Time64MicrosecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(Time64NanosecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(IntervalYearMonthType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(IntervalDayTimeType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(IntervalMonthDayNanoType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(DurationSecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(DurationMillisecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(DurationMicrosecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(DurationNanosecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(TimestampSecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(TimestampMillisecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(TimestampMicrosecondType);
def_numeric_from_vec!(TimestampNanosecondType);

impl<T: ArrowTimestampType> PrimitiveArray<T> {
    /// Construct a timestamp array from a vec of i64 values and an optional timezone
    #[deprecated(note = "Use with_timezone_opt instead")]
    pub fn from_vec(data: Vec<i64>, timezone: Option<String>) -> Self
    where
        Self: From<Vec<i64>>,
    {
        Self::from(data).with_timezone_opt(timezone)
    }

    /// Construct a timestamp array from a vec of `Option<i64>` values and an optional timezone
    #[deprecated(note = "Use with_timezone_opt instead")]
    pub fn from_opt_vec(data: Vec<Option<i64>>, timezone: Option<String>) -> Self
    where
        Self: From<Vec<Option<i64>>>,
    {
        Self::from(data).with_timezone_opt(timezone)
    }

    /// Construct a timestamp array with new timezone
    pub fn with_timezone(&self, timezone: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.with_timezone_opt(Some(timezone.into()))
    }

    /// Construct a timestamp array with UTC
    pub fn with_timezone_utc(&self) -> Self {
        self.with_timezone("+00:00")
    }

    /// Construct a timestamp array with an optional timezone
    pub fn with_timezone_opt(&self, timezone: Option<String>) -> Self {
        let array_data = unsafe {
            self.data
                .clone()
                .into_builder()
                .data_type(DataType::Timestamp(T::get_time_unit(), timezone))
                .build_unchecked()
        };
        PrimitiveArray::from(array_data)
    }
}

/// Constructs a `PrimitiveArray` from an array data reference.
impl<T: ArrowPrimitiveType> From<ArrayData> for PrimitiveArray<T> {
    fn from(data: ArrayData) -> Self {
        assert!(
            Self::is_compatible(data.data_type()),
            "PrimitiveArray expected ArrayData with type {} got {}",
            T::DATA_TYPE,
            data.data_type()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            data.buffers().len(),
            1,
            "PrimitiveArray data should contain a single buffer only (values buffer)"
        );

        let ptr = data.buffers()[0].as_ptr();
        Self {
            data,
            // SAFETY:
            // ArrayData must be valid, and validated data type above
            raw_values: unsafe { RawPtrBox::new(ptr) },
        }
    }
}

impl<T: DecimalType + ArrowPrimitiveType> PrimitiveArray<T> {
    /// Returns a Decimal array with the same data as self, with the
    /// specified precision and scale.
    ///
    /// Returns an Error if:
    /// - `precision` is zero
    /// - `precision` is larger than `T:MAX_PRECISION`
    /// - `scale` is larger than `T::MAX_SCALE`
    /// - `scale` is > `precision`
    pub fn with_precision_and_scale(
        self,
        precision: u8,
        scale: i8,
    ) -> Result<Self, ArrowError>
    where
        Self: Sized,
    {
        // validate precision and scale
        self.validate_precision_scale(precision, scale)?;

        // safety: self.data is valid DataType::Decimal as checked above
        let new_data_type = T::TYPE_CONSTRUCTOR(precision, scale);
        let data = self.data.into_builder().data_type(new_data_type);

        // SAFETY
        // Validated data above
        Ok(unsafe { data.build_unchecked().into() })
    }

    // validate that the new precision and scale are valid or not
    fn validate_precision_scale(
        &self,
        precision: u8,
        scale: i8,
    ) -> Result<(), ArrowError> {
        if precision == 0 {
            return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "precision cannot be 0, has to be between [1, {}]",
                T::MAX_PRECISION
            )));
        }
        if precision > T::MAX_PRECISION {
            return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "precision {} is greater than max {}",
                precision,
                T::MAX_PRECISION
            )));
        }
        if scale > T::MAX_SCALE {
            return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "scale {} is greater than max {}",
                scale,
                T::MAX_SCALE
            )));
        }
        if scale > 0 && scale as u8 > precision {
            return Err(ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "scale {scale} is greater than precision {precision}"
            )));
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Validates values in this array can be properly interpreted
    /// with the specified precision.
    pub fn validate_decimal_precision(&self, precision: u8) -> Result<(), ArrowError> {
        (0..self.len()).try_for_each(|idx| {
            if self.is_valid(idx) {
                let decimal = unsafe { self.value_unchecked(idx) };
                T::validate_decimal_precision(decimal, precision)
            } else {
                Ok(())
            }
        })
    }

    /// Validates the Decimal Array, if the value of slot is overflow for the specified precision, and
    /// will be casted to Null
    pub fn null_if_overflow_precision(&self, precision: u8) -> Self {
        self.unary_opt::<_, T>(|v| {
            (T::validate_decimal_precision(v, precision).is_ok()).then_some(v)
        })
    }

    /// Returns [`Self::value`] formatted as a string
    pub fn value_as_string(&self, row: usize) -> String {
        T::format_decimal(self.value(row), self.precision(), self.scale())
    }

    /// Returns the decimal precision of this array
    pub fn precision(&self) -> u8 {
        match T::BYTE_LENGTH {
            16 => {
                if let DataType::Decimal128(p, _) = self.data().data_type() {
                    *p
                } else {
                    unreachable!(
                        "Decimal128Array datatype is not DataType::Decimal128 but {}",
                        self.data_type()
                    )
                }
            }
            32 => {
                if let DataType::Decimal256(p, _) = self.data().data_type() {
                    *p
                } else {
                    unreachable!(
                        "Decimal256Array datatype is not DataType::Decimal256 but {}",
                        self.data_type()
                    )
                }
            }
            other => unreachable!("Unsupported byte length for decimal array {}", other),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the decimal scale of this array
    pub fn scale(&self) -> i8 {
        match T::BYTE_LENGTH {
            16 => {
                if let DataType::Decimal128(_, s) = self.data().data_type() {
                    *s
                } else {
                    unreachable!(
                        "Decimal128Array datatype is not DataType::Decimal128 but {}",
                        self.data_type()
                    )
                }
            }
            32 => {
                if let DataType::Decimal256(_, s) = self.data().data_type() {
                    *s
                } else {
                    unreachable!(
                        "Decimal256Array datatype is not DataType::Decimal256 but {}",
                        self.data_type()
                    )
                }
            }
            other => unreachable!("Unsupported byte length for decimal array {}", other),
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::builder::{Decimal128Builder, Decimal256Builder};
    use crate::cast::downcast_array;
    use crate::{ArrayRef, BooleanArray};
    use std::sync::Arc;

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_from_vec() {
        let buf = Buffer::from_slice_ref([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
        let arr = Int32Array::from(vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
        assert_eq!(buf, arr.data.buffers()[0]);
        assert_eq!(5, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        for i in 0..5 {
            assert!(!arr.is_null(i));
            assert!(arr.is_valid(i));
            assert_eq!(i as i32, arr.value(i));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_from_vec_option() {
        // Test building a primitive array with null values
        let arr = Int32Array::from(vec![Some(0), None, Some(2), None, Some(4)]);
        assert_eq!(5, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(2, arr.null_count());
        for i in 0..5 {
            if i % 2 == 0 {
                assert!(!arr.is_null(i));
                assert!(arr.is_valid(i));
                assert_eq!(i as i32, arr.value(i));
            } else {
                assert!(arr.is_null(i));
                assert!(!arr.is_valid(i));
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date64_array_from_vec_option() {
        // Test building a primitive array with null values
        // we use Int32 and Int64 as a backing array, so all Int32 and Int64 conventions
        // work
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Date64Type> =
            vec![Some(1550902545147), None, Some(1550902545147)].into();
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        for i in 0..3 {
            if i % 2 == 0 {
                assert!(!arr.is_null(i));
                assert!(arr.is_valid(i));
                assert_eq!(1550902545147, arr.value(i));
                // roundtrip to and from datetime
                assert_eq!(
                    1550902545147,
                    arr.value_as_datetime(i).unwrap().timestamp_millis()
                );
            } else {
                assert!(arr.is_null(i));
                assert!(!arr.is_valid(i));
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time32_millisecond_array_from_vec() {
        // 1:        00:00:00.001
        // 37800005: 10:30:00.005
        // 86399210: 23:59:59.210
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Time32MillisecondType> =
            vec![1, 37_800_005, 86_399_210].into();
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        let formatted = vec!["00:00:00.001", "10:30:00.005", "23:59:59.210"];
        for (i, formatted) in formatted.iter().enumerate().take(3) {
            // check that we can't create dates or datetimes from time instances
            assert_eq!(None, arr.value_as_datetime(i));
            assert_eq!(None, arr.value_as_date(i));
            let time = arr.value_as_time(i).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*formatted, time.format("%H:%M:%S%.3f").to_string());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time64_nanosecond_array_from_vec() {
        // Test building a primitive array with null values
        // we use Int32 and Int64 as a backing array, so all Int32 and Int64 conventions
        // work

        // 1e6:        00:00:00.001
        // 37800005e6: 10:30:00.005
        // 86399210e6: 23:59:59.210
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Time64NanosecondType> =
            vec![1_000_000, 37_800_005_000_000, 86_399_210_000_000].into();
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        let formatted = vec!["00:00:00.001", "10:30:00.005", "23:59:59.210"];
        for (i, item) in formatted.iter().enumerate().take(3) {
            // check that we can't create dates or datetimes from time instances
            assert_eq!(None, arr.value_as_datetime(i));
            assert_eq!(None, arr.value_as_date(i));
            let time = arr.value_as_time(i).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(*item, time.format("%H:%M:%S%.3f").to_string());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_interval_array_from_vec() {
        // intervals are currently not treated specially, but are Int32 and Int64 arrays
        let arr = IntervalYearMonthArray::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(-5)]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(1, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.values()[2]);

        // a day_time interval contains days and milliseconds, but we do not yet have accessors for the values
        let arr = IntervalDayTimeArray::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(-5)]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(1, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.values()[2]);

        // a month_day_nano interval contains months, days and nanoseconds,
        // but we do not yet have accessors for the values.
        // TODO: implement month, day, and nanos access method for month_day_nano.
        let arr = IntervalMonthDayNanoArray::from(vec![
            Some(100000000000000000000),
            None,
            Some(-500000000000000000000),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(100000000000000000000, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(100000000000000000000, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-500000000000000000000, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-500000000000000000000, arr.values()[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duration_array_from_vec() {
        let arr = DurationSecondArray::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(-5)]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(1, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.values()[2]);

        let arr = DurationMillisecondArray::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(-5)]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(1, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.values()[2]);

        let arr = DurationMicrosecondArray::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(-5)]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(1, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.values()[2]);

        let arr = DurationNanosecondArray::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(-5)]);
        assert_eq!(3, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(1, arr.values()[0]);
        assert!(arr.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(2));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.values()[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_array_from_vec() {
        let arr = TimestampSecondArray::from(vec![1, -5]);
        assert_eq!(2, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(1));
        assert_eq!(&[1, -5], arr.values());

        let arr = TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![1, -5]);
        assert_eq!(2, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(1));
        assert_eq!(&[1, -5], arr.values());

        let arr = TimestampMicrosecondArray::from(vec![1, -5]);
        assert_eq!(2, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(1));
        assert_eq!(&[1, -5], arr.values());

        let arr = TimestampNanosecondArray::from(vec![1, -5]);
        assert_eq!(2, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        assert_eq!(1, arr.value(0));
        assert_eq!(-5, arr.value(1));
        assert_eq!(&[1, -5], arr.values());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_slice() {
        let arr = Int32Array::from(vec![
            Some(0),
            None,
            Some(2),
            None,
            Some(4),
            Some(5),
            Some(6),
            None,
            None,
        ]);
        assert_eq!(9, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(4, arr.null_count());

        let arr2 = arr.slice(2, 5);
        assert_eq!(5, arr2.len());
        assert_eq!(2, arr2.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr2.null_count());

        for i in 0..arr2.len() {
            assert_eq!(i == 1, arr2.is_null(i));
            assert_eq!(i != 1, arr2.is_valid(i));
        }
        let int_arr2 = arr2.as_any().downcast_ref::<Int32Array>().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(2, int_arr2.values()[0]);
        assert_eq!(&[4, 5, 6], &int_arr2.values()[2..5]);

        let arr3 = arr2.slice(2, 3);
        assert_eq!(3, arr3.len());
        assert_eq!(4, arr3.offset());
        assert_eq!(0, arr3.null_count());

        let int_arr3 = arr3.as_any().downcast_ref::<Int32Array>().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&[4, 5, 6], int_arr3.values());
        assert_eq!(4, int_arr3.value(0));
        assert_eq!(5, int_arr3.value(1));
        assert_eq!(6, int_arr3.value(2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_boolean_array_slice() {
        let arr = BooleanArray::from(vec![
            Some(true),
            None,
            Some(false),
            None,
            Some(true),
            Some(false),
            Some(true),
            Some(false),
            None,
            Some(true),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(10, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.offset());
        assert_eq!(3, arr.null_count());

        let arr2 = arr.slice(3, 5);
        assert_eq!(5, arr2.len());
        assert_eq!(3, arr2.offset());
        assert_eq!(1, arr2.null_count());

        let bool_arr = arr2.as_any().downcast_ref::<BooleanArray>().unwrap();

        assert!(!bool_arr.is_valid(0));

        assert!(bool_arr.is_valid(1));
        assert!(bool_arr.value(1));

        assert!(bool_arr.is_valid(2));
        assert!(!bool_arr.value(2));

        assert!(bool_arr.is_valid(3));
        assert!(bool_arr.value(3));

        assert!(bool_arr.is_valid(4));
        assert!(!bool_arr.value(4));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int32_fmt_debug() {
        let arr = Int32Array::from(vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Int32>\n[\n  0,\n  1,\n  2,\n  3,\n  4,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fmt_debug_up_to_20_elements() {
        (1..=20).for_each(|i| {
            let values = (0..i).collect::<Vec<i16>>();
            let array_expected = format!(
                "PrimitiveArray<Int16>\n[\n{}\n]",
                values
                    .iter()
                    .map(|v| { format!("  {v},") })
                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                    .join("\n")
            );
            let array = Int16Array::from(values);

            assert_eq!(array_expected, format!("{array:?}"));
        })
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int32_with_null_fmt_debug() {
        let mut builder = Int32Array::builder(3);
        builder.append_slice(&[0, 1]);
        builder.append_null();
        builder.append_slice(&[3, 4]);
        let arr = builder.finish();
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Int32>\n[\n  0,\n  1,\n  null,\n  3,\n  4,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1546214400000,
                1546214400000,
                -1546214400000,
            ]);
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, None)>\n[\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00,\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00,\n  1921-01-02T00:00:00,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_utc_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1546214400000,
                1546214400000,
                -1546214400000,
            ])
            .with_timezone_utc();
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some(\"+00:00\"))>\n[\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00+00:00,\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00+00:00,\n  1921-01-02T00:00:00+00:00,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "chrono-tz")]
    fn test_timestamp_with_named_tz_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1546214400000,
                1546214400000,
                -1546214400000,
            ])
            .with_timezone("Asia/Taipei".to_string());
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some(\"Asia/Taipei\"))>\n[\n  2018-12-31T08:00:00+08:00,\n  2018-12-31T08:00:00+08:00,\n  1921-01-02T08:00:00+08:00,\n]",
            format!("{:?}", arr)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(not(feature = "chrono-tz"))]
    fn test_timestamp_with_named_tz_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1546214400000,
                1546214400000,
                -1546214400000,
            ])
            .with_timezone("Asia/Taipei".to_string());

        println!("{arr:?}");

        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some(\"Asia/Taipei\"))>\n[\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00 (Unknown Time Zone 'Asia/Taipei'),\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00 (Unknown Time Zone 'Asia/Taipei'),\n  1921-01-02T00:00:00 (Unknown Time Zone 'Asia/Taipei'),\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_with_fixed_offset_tz_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1546214400000,
                1546214400000,
                -1546214400000,
            ])
            .with_timezone("+08:00".to_string());
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some(\"+08:00\"))>\n[\n  2018-12-31T08:00:00+08:00,\n  2018-12-31T08:00:00+08:00,\n  1921-01-02T08:00:00+08:00,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_with_incorrect_tz_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1546214400000,
                1546214400000,
                -1546214400000,
            ])
            .with_timezone("xxx".to_string());
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some(\"xxx\"))>\n[\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00 (Unknown Time Zone 'xxx'),\n  2018-12-31T00:00:00 (Unknown Time Zone 'xxx'),\n  1921-01-02T00:00:00 (Unknown Time Zone 'xxx'),\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "chrono-tz")]
    fn test_timestamp_with_tz_with_daylight_saving_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMillisecondType> =
            TimestampMillisecondArray::from(vec![
                1647161999000,
                1647162000000,
                1667717999000,
                1667718000000,
            ])
            .with_timezone("America/Denver".to_string());
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Millisecond, Some(\"America/Denver\"))>\n[\n  2022-03-13T01:59:59-07:00,\n  2022-03-13T03:00:00-06:00,\n  2022-11-06T00:59:59-06:00,\n  2022-11-06T01:00:00-06:00,\n]",
            format!("{:?}", arr)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date32_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Date32Type> = vec![12356, 13548, -365].into();
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Date32>\n[\n  2003-10-31,\n  2007-02-04,\n  1969-01-01,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time32second_fmt_debug() {
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Time32SecondType> = vec![7201, 60054].into();
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Time32(Second)>\n[\n  02:00:01,\n  16:40:54,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time32second_invalid_neg() {
        // chrono::NaiveDatetime::from_timestamp_opt returns None while input is invalid
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Time32SecondType> = vec![-7201, -60054].into();
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Time32(Second)>\n[\n  null,\n  null,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_timestamp_micros_out_of_range() {
        // replicate the issue from https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/issues/3832
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<TimestampMicrosecondType> =
            vec![9065525203050843594].into();
        assert_eq!(
            "PrimitiveArray<Timestamp(Microsecond, None)>\n[\n  null,\n]",
            format!("{arr:?}")
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_builder() {
        // Test building a primitive array with ArrayData builder and offset
        let buf = Buffer::from_slice_ref([0i32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
        let buf2 = buf.clone();
        let data = ArrayData::builder(DataType::Int32)
            .len(5)
            .offset(2)
            .add_buffer(buf)
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let arr = Int32Array::from(data);
        assert_eq!(buf2, arr.data.buffers()[0]);
        assert_eq!(5, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        for i in 0..3 {
            assert_eq!((i + 2) as i32, arr.value(i));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_from_iter_values() {
        // Test building a primitive array with from_iter_values
        let arr: PrimitiveArray<Int32Type> = PrimitiveArray::from_iter_values(0..10);
        assert_eq!(10, arr.len());
        assert_eq!(0, arr.null_count());
        for i in 0..10i32 {
            assert_eq!(i, arr.value(i as usize));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_from_unbound_iter() {
        // iterator that doesn't declare (upper) size bound
        let value_iter = (0..)
            .scan(0usize, |pos, i| {
                if *pos < 10 {
                    *pos += 1;
                    Some(Some(i))
                } else {
                    // actually returns up to 10 values
                    None
                }
            })
            // limited using take()
            .take(100);

        let (_, upper_size_bound) = value_iter.size_hint();
        // the upper bound, defined by take above, is 100
        assert_eq!(upper_size_bound, Some(100));
        let primitive_array: PrimitiveArray<Int32Type> = value_iter.collect();
        // but the actual number of items in the array should be 10
        assert_eq!(primitive_array.len(), 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_from_non_null_iter() {
        let iter = (0..10_i32).map(Some);
        let primitive_array = PrimitiveArray::<Int32Type>::from_iter(iter);
        assert_eq!(primitive_array.len(), 10);
        assert_eq!(primitive_array.null_count(), 0);
        assert_eq!(primitive_array.data().null_buffer(), None);
        assert_eq!(primitive_array.values(), &[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "PrimitiveArray data should contain a single buffer only \
                               (values buffer)")]
    // Different error messages, so skip for now
    // https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/1545
    #[cfg(not(feature = "force_validate"))]
    fn test_primitive_array_invalid_buffer_len() {
        let buffer = Buffer::from_slice_ref([0i32, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
        let data = unsafe {
            ArrayData::builder(DataType::Int32)
                .add_buffer(buffer.clone())
                .add_buffer(buffer)
                .len(5)
                .build_unchecked()
        };

        drop(Int32Array::from(data));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_access_array_concurrently() {
        let a = Int32Array::from(vec![5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
        let ret = std::thread::spawn(move || a.value(3)).join();

        assert!(ret.is_ok());
        assert_eq!(8, ret.ok().unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive_array_creation() {
        let array1: Int8Array = [10_i8, 11, 12, 13, 14].into_iter().collect();
        let array2: Int8Array = [10_i8, 11, 12, 13, 14].into_iter().map(Some).collect();

        assert_eq!(array1, array2);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "Trying to access an element at index 4 from a PrimitiveArray of length 3"
    )]
    fn test_string_array_get_value_index_out_of_bound() {
        let array: Int8Array = [10_i8, 11, 12].into_iter().collect();

        array.value(4);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "PrimitiveArray expected ArrayData with type Int64 got Int32"
    )]
    fn test_from_array_data_validation() {
        let foo = PrimitiveArray::<Int32Type>::from_iter([1, 2, 3]);
        let _ = PrimitiveArray::<Int64Type>::from(foo.into_data());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal128() {
        let values: Vec<_> = vec![0, 1, -1, i128::MIN, i128::MAX];
        let array: PrimitiveArray<Decimal128Type> =
            PrimitiveArray::from_iter(values.iter().copied());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);

        let array: PrimitiveArray<Decimal128Type> =
            PrimitiveArray::from_iter_values(values.iter().copied());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);

        let array = PrimitiveArray::<Decimal128Type>::from(values.clone());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);

        let array = PrimitiveArray::<Decimal128Type>::from(array.data().clone());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal256() {
        let values: Vec<_> =
            vec![i256::ZERO, i256::ONE, i256::MINUS_ONE, i256::MIN, i256::MAX];

        let array: PrimitiveArray<Decimal256Type> =
            PrimitiveArray::from_iter(values.iter().copied());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);

        let array: PrimitiveArray<Decimal256Type> =
            PrimitiveArray::from_iter_values(values.iter().copied());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);

        let array = PrimitiveArray::<Decimal256Type>::from(values.clone());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);

        let array = PrimitiveArray::<Decimal256Type>::from(array.data().clone());
        assert_eq!(array.values(), &values);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_array() {
        // let val_8887: [u8; 16] = [192, 219, 180, 17, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
        // let val_neg_8887: [u8; 16] = [64, 36, 75, 238, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255];
        let values: [u8; 32] = [
            192, 219, 180, 17, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 64, 36, 75, 238, 253,
            255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
        ];
        let array_data = ArrayData::builder(DataType::Decimal128(38, 6))
            .len(2)
            .add_buffer(Buffer::from(&values[..]))
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let decimal_array = Decimal128Array::from(array_data);
        assert_eq!(8_887_000_000_i128, decimal_array.value(0));
        assert_eq!(-8_887_000_000_i128, decimal_array.value(1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_append_error_value() {
        let mut decimal_builder = Decimal128Builder::with_capacity(10);
        decimal_builder.append_value(123456);
        decimal_builder.append_value(12345);
        let result = decimal_builder.finish().with_precision_and_scale(5, 3);
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        let arr = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!("12.345", arr.value_as_string(1));

        // Validate it explicitly
        let result = arr.validate_decimal_precision(5);
        let error = result.unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(
            "Invalid argument error: 123456 is too large to store in a Decimal128 of precision 5. Max is 99999",
            error.to_string()
        );

        decimal_builder = Decimal128Builder::new();
        decimal_builder.append_value(100);
        decimal_builder.append_value(99);
        decimal_builder.append_value(-100);
        decimal_builder.append_value(-99);
        let result = decimal_builder.finish().with_precision_and_scale(2, 1);
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        let arr = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!("9.9", arr.value_as_string(1));
        assert_eq!("-9.9", arr.value_as_string(3));

        // Validate it explicitly
        let result = arr.validate_decimal_precision(2);
        let error = result.unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(
            "Invalid argument error: 100 is too large to store in a Decimal128 of precision 2. Max is 99",
            error.to_string()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_from_iter_values() {
        let array = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values(vec![-100, 0, 101].into_iter());
        assert_eq!(array.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(array.data_type(), &DataType::Decimal128(38, 10));
        assert_eq!(-100_i128, array.value(0));
        assert!(!array.is_null(0));
        assert_eq!(0_i128, array.value(1));
        assert!(!array.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(101_i128, array.value(2));
        assert!(!array.is_null(2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_from_iter() {
        let array: Decimal128Array =
            vec![Some(-100), None, Some(101)].into_iter().collect();
        assert_eq!(array.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(array.data_type(), &DataType::Decimal128(38, 10));
        assert_eq!(-100_i128, array.value(0));
        assert!(!array.is_null(0));
        assert!(array.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(101_i128, array.value(2));
        assert!(!array.is_null(2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_iter_sized() {
        let data = vec![Some(-100), None, Some(101)];
        let array: Decimal128Array = data.into_iter().collect();
        let mut iter = array.into_iter();

        // is exact sized
        assert_eq!(array.len(), 3);

        // size_hint is reported correctly
        assert_eq!(iter.size_hint(), (3, Some(3)));
        iter.next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(iter.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
        iter.next().unwrap();
        iter.next().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(iter.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
        assert!(iter.next().is_none());
        assert_eq!(iter.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_array_value_as_string() {
        let arr = [123450, -123450, 100, -100, 10, -10, 0]
            .into_iter()
            .map(Some)
            .collect::<Decimal128Array>()
            .with_precision_and_scale(6, 3)
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!("123.450", arr.value_as_string(0));
        assert_eq!("-123.450", arr.value_as_string(1));
        assert_eq!("0.100", arr.value_as_string(2));
        assert_eq!("-0.100", arr.value_as_string(3));
        assert_eq!("0.010", arr.value_as_string(4));
        assert_eq!("-0.010", arr.value_as_string(5));
        assert_eq!("0.000", arr.value_as_string(6));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_array_with_precision_and_scale() {
        let arr = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([12345, 456, 7890, -123223423432432])
            .with_precision_and_scale(20, 2)
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(arr.data_type(), &DataType::Decimal128(20, 2));
        assert_eq!(arr.precision(), 20);
        assert_eq!(arr.scale(), 2);

        let actual: Vec<_> = (0..arr.len()).map(|i| arr.value_as_string(i)).collect();
        let expected = vec!["123.45", "4.56", "78.90", "-1232234234324.32"];

        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "-123223423432432 is too small to store in a Decimal128 of precision 5. Min is -99999"
    )]
    fn test_decimal_array_with_precision_and_scale_out_of_range() {
        let arr = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([12345, 456, 7890, -123223423432432])
            // precision is too small to hold value
            .with_precision_and_scale(5, 2)
            .unwrap();
        arr.validate_decimal_precision(5).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "precision cannot be 0, has to be between [1, 38]")]
    fn test_decimal_array_with_precision_zero() {
        Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([12345, 456])
            .with_precision_and_scale(0, 2)
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "precision 40 is greater than max 38")]
    fn test_decimal_array_with_precision_and_scale_invalid_precision() {
        Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([12345, 456])
            .with_precision_and_scale(40, 2)
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "scale 40 is greater than max 38")]
    fn test_decimal_array_with_precision_and_scale_invalid_scale() {
        Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([12345, 456])
            .with_precision_and_scale(20, 40)
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "scale 10 is greater than precision 4")]
    fn test_decimal_array_with_precision_and_scale_invalid_precision_and_scale() {
        Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([12345, 456])
            .with_precision_and_scale(4, 10)
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_array_set_null_if_overflow_with_precision() {
        let array =
            Decimal128Array::from(vec![Some(123456), Some(123), None, Some(123456)]);
        let result = array.null_if_overflow_precision(5);
        let expected = Decimal128Array::from(vec![None, Some(123), None, None]);
        assert_eq!(result, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal256_iter() {
        let mut builder = Decimal256Builder::with_capacity(30);
        let decimal1 = i256::from_i128(12345);
        builder.append_value(decimal1);

        builder.append_null();

        let decimal2 = i256::from_i128(56789);
        builder.append_value(decimal2);

        let array: Decimal256Array =
            builder.finish().with_precision_and_scale(76, 6).unwrap();

        let collected: Vec<_> = array.iter().collect();
        assert_eq!(vec![Some(decimal1), None, Some(decimal2)], collected);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_iter_decimal256array() {
        let value1 = i256::from_i128(12345);
        let value2 = i256::from_i128(56789);

        let mut array: Decimal256Array =
            vec![Some(value1), None, Some(value2)].into_iter().collect();
        array = array.with_precision_and_scale(76, 10).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(array.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(array.data_type(), &DataType::Decimal256(76, 10));
        assert_eq!(value1, array.value(0));
        assert!(!array.is_null(0));
        assert!(array.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(value2, array.value(2));
        assert!(!array.is_null(2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_iter_decimal128array() {
        let mut array: Decimal128Array =
            vec![Some(-100), None, Some(101)].into_iter().collect();
        array = array.with_precision_and_scale(38, 10).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(array.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(array.data_type(), &DataType::Decimal128(38, 10));
        assert_eq!(-100_i128, array.value(0));
        assert!(!array.is_null(0));
        assert!(array.is_null(1));
        assert_eq!(101_i128, array.value(2));
        assert!(!array.is_null(2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_unary_opt() {
        let array = Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
        let r = array.unary_opt::<_, Int32Type>(|x| (x % 2 != 0).then_some(x));

        let expected =
            Int32Array::from(vec![Some(1), None, Some(3), None, Some(5), None, Some(7)]);
        assert_eq!(r, expected);

        let r = expected.unary_opt::<_, Int32Type>(|x| (x % 3 != 0).then_some(x));
        let expected =
            Int32Array::from(vec![Some(1), None, None, None, Some(5), None, Some(7)]);
        assert_eq!(r, expected);
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "Trying to access an element at index 4 from a PrimitiveArray of length 3"
    )]
    fn test_fixed_size_binary_array_get_value_index_out_of_bound() {
        let array = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values(vec![-100, 0, 101].into_iter());

        array.value(4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_into_builder() {
        let array: Int32Array = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(Some).collect();

        let boxed: ArrayRef = Arc::new(array);
        let col: Int32Array = downcast_array(&boxed);
        drop(boxed);

        let mut builder = col.into_builder().unwrap();

        let slice = builder.values_slice_mut();
        assert_eq!(slice, &[1, 2, 3]);

        slice[0] = 4;
        slice[1] = 2;
        slice[2] = 1;

        let expected: Int32Array = vec![Some(4), Some(2), Some(1)].into_iter().collect();

        let new_array = builder.finish();
        assert_eq!(expected, new_array);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_into_builder_cloned_array() {
        let array: Int32Array = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(Some).collect();

        let boxed: ArrayRef = Arc::new(array);

        let col: Int32Array = PrimitiveArray::<Int32Type>::from(boxed.data().clone());
        let err = col.into_builder();

        match err {
            Ok(_) => panic!("Should not get builder from cloned array"),
            Err(returned) => {
                let expected: Int32Array = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(Some).collect();
                assert_eq!(expected, returned)
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_into_builder_on_sliced_array() {
        let array: Int32Array = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(Some).collect();
        let slice = array.slice(1, 2);
        let col: Int32Array = downcast_array(&slice);

        drop(slice);

        col.into_builder()
            .expect_err("Should not build builder from sliced array");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_unary_mut() {
        let array: Int32Array = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(Some).collect();

        let c = array.unary_mut(|x| x * 2 + 1).unwrap();
        let expected: Int32Array = vec![3, 5, 7].into_iter().map(Some).collect();

        assert_eq!(expected, c);

        let array: Int32Array = Int32Array::from(vec![Some(5), Some(7), None]);
        let c = array.unary_mut(|x| x * 2 + 1).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(c, Int32Array::from(vec![Some(11), Some(15), None]));
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(
        expected = "PrimitiveArray expected ArrayData with type Interval(MonthDayNano) got Interval(DayTime)"
    )]
    fn test_invalid_interval_type() {
        let array = IntervalDayTimeArray::from(vec![1, 2, 3]);
        let _ = IntervalMonthDayNanoArray::from(array.into_data());
    }
}