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Localize Command

Authors:

  • annasong20

Reviewers:

  • natasha41575
  • KnVerey

Status: implementable

Summary

The kustomize localize command creates a “localized” copy, of both the target kustomization and files target references, in which the kustomization files contain, instead of remote references, local paths to their downloaded locations. The command is part of an effort to enable kustomize build to run without network access.

Motivation

monopole originally proposed the command kustomize localize in this issue.

Users run kustomize build in many environments with limited network access. For example, CI/CD pipelines often only have access to the internal network. Server-side applications like Config Sync are concerned with the security vulnerabilities of git, which kustomize build uses to fetch remote files.

These use cases would benefit from a kustomize solution that downloads all remote files that a kustomize build target references, into a copy of target that references the downloaded files instead. Admins could upload the localized copy to an internal repo so that pipelines and applications can run kustomize build on the copy without a network dependency.

The proposed command nearly achieves the solution by downloading all remote files directly referenced by the target or by a recursively referenced kustomization file. The command also downloads remote exec binaries of referenced KRM functions, which are the only potential source of remote files other than kustomizations. The only remote files that this proposal does not cover and that kustomize build still needs to run are remote images and custom fields in KRM functions. Downloaded images would live only in local caches and thus, are not worth localizing. Kustomize cannot currently identify custom fields, though this may change with one of the proposed solutions in issue #4154.

The proposed command has the added benefit of increasing user confidence in the integrity of their kustomization builds. Locally downloaded files, unlike urls, give users full control of file content. At the same time, the command does this without modifying the original kustomization so that users can always run the command on the original again to fetch upstream changes.

Goals:

  1. This command should localize

    • all remote files that a kustomization file directly references
    • remote exec binaries of referenced KRM functions

    This command achieves this goal if, in the absence of remote images and custom fields in KRM functions, kustomize build can run on the localized copy without network access.

Non-goals:

  1. This command should not localize remote images or custom fields in KRM functions.
  2. This command should not copy files that the target kustomization does not reference.
  3. This command should not serve as a package manager.

Proposal

The command takes the following form:

kustomize localize target newDir [-s scope] [-n]

where the arguments are:

  • target: a directory with a top-level kustomization file that kustomize will localize; can be a path to a local directory or a url to a remote directory
  • newDir: optional destination directory of the localized copy of target; if not specified, the destination is a directory named localized-{target} in the same directory as scope

and the flags are:

  • -s, --scope
    scope: optional root directory, files outside which kustomize is not allowed to copy and localize; if not specified, takes on value of target
  • -n, --no-verify: do not verify that the outputs of kustomize build for target and newDir are the same after localization

The command creates a copy of the target kustomization and the local files that target references at newDir. We define the "files that target references" as:

  • kustomization files that target directly or transitively references
  • configuration files that referenced kustomization files reference
  • exec binaries of referenced KRM functions

Here, configuration file means a non-kustomization yaml file. The command cannot run on targets that need the --load-restrictor LoadRestrictionsNone flag on kustomize build. The command only copies referenced files that reside inside scope.

The command localizes the copy of target at newDir by downloading all remote files that target references. Users do not have executable permission for downloaded exec binaries that KRM functions reference and for each such exec binary, the command will print a warning message to that effect.

The command creates a new localized-files directory, next to the file that referenced the downloaded files, to hold said files. Inside localized-files, the downloads are located on path:

domain / organization / repo / version / path/to/file/in/repo

where version corresponds to the ref query string parameter in the url, though ideally version ia a stable tag as opposed to a branch.

The command replaces remote references in newDir with the local paths of the downloaded files. To help ensure that newDir is a clean copy, the command additionally overwrites absolute path references into target to point to newDir.

As a convenience to the user, in the absence of the --no-verify flag, the command automatically tries to run kustomize build, without any flags, on target and the localized newDir to compare their outputs. The command indicates success if the outputs match and throws an error with the diff summary otherwise. This check, however, is not useful for certain targets, including those that need flags to build. In these cases, the command prints next steps that users can follow to check the output themselves. For example, for targets that reference KRM functions with a remote exec binary, the command suggests the user:

  1. add executable permissions for the downloaded exec binaries in newDir that the user trusts
  2. run kustomize build with flags --enable-alpha-plugins --enable-exec and self-verify the outputs

Error cases:

  • target does not have a top-level kustomization file
  • kustomize build needs --load-restrictor LoadRestrictionsNone to run on target
  • newDir already exists
  • scope does not contain target
  • target references a local path that traverses outside of scope
  • remote reference does not have a version
  • localized-files directory already exists
  • kustomization file is malformed
  • cycle of kustomization file references exists
  • kustomize build produces different output for target and newDir in the absence of --no-verify

Depending on feedback, we may add an --overwrite flag in the future to allow users to update an existing newDir by running the command again.

Warning cases:

  • KRM function references remote exec binary, in which case the downloaded exec binary is not executable
  • KRM function has container image that the user might not have locally

User Stories

Story 1

My company’s CI/CD pipeline currently pulls an example directory from our internal package management site. I want the CI/CD pipeline to additionally run kustomize build example/overlay. My setup looks like this:

└── example
    ├── overlay
    │   └── kustomization.yaml
    └── base
        └── kustomization.yaml
# example/overlay/kustomization.yaml
resources:
  - ../base
  - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/v1.0.6/examples/helloWorld/deployment.yaml
# example/base/kustomization.yaml
resources:
  - github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/examples/multibases?ref=v1.0.6
  - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/v1.0.6/examples/helloWorld/configMap.yaml

I get an error from kustomize build in the pipeline because my configurations have remote references, but my CI/CD pipeline does not have external network access.

Fortunately, I remember that I can run kustomize localize on example/overlay on my local machine. I can then upload the localized directory to my company’s internal package management site for the CI/CD pipeline to pull and build instead. I run kustomize localize example/overlay -s example, where my target is example/overlay, I accept the default location and name of newDir, and I expand my scope to example because example/overlay references example/base. I get the following output:

$ kustomize localize example/overlay -s example
SUCCESS: example/overlay, localized-overlay produce same kustomize build output
├── example                         # old kustomization directory
│   ├── overlay
│   │   └── kustomization.yaml
│   └── base
│       └── kustomization.yaml
└── localized-overlay               # the new, localized kustomization directory
    ├── kustomization.yaml
    ├── base
    │   ├── kustomization.yaml
    │   └── localized-files
    │       └── github.com
    │           └── kubernetes-sigs
    │               └── kustomize
    │                   └── v1.0.6
    │                       └── examples
    │                           ├── helloWorld
    │                           │   └── configMap.yaml
    │                           └── multibases
    │                               ├── base
    │                               │   └── pod.yaml
    │                               ├── dev
    │                               ├── kustomization.yaml
    │                               ├── production
    │                               └── staging
    └── overlay
        ├── kustomization.yaml
        └── localized-files
            └── github.com
                └── kubernetes-sigs
                    └── kustomize
                        └── v1.0.6
                            └── examples
                                └── helloWorld
                                    └── deployment.yaml
# localized-overlay/overlay/kustomization.yaml
resources:
  - ../base
  - ./localized-files/github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/examples/helloWorld/deployment.yaml
# localized-overlay/base/kustomization.yaml
resources:
  - ./localized-files/github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/examples/multibases
  - ./localized-files/github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize/examples/helloWorld/configMap.yaml

Now, I upload localized-overlay from my local setup to my company’s internal package management site. I change the commands in my CI/CD pipeline to pull localized-overlay before running kustomize build localized-overlay, and the command executes successfully!

Risks and Mitigations

One could argue that while uploading the localized newDir to a repository, a user could accidentally leak Secrets that were originally remote in a more private repo. This event is not very likely, as the servers that the user intends to consume the localized kustomizations often only have access to internal, private networks and repos. Nonetheless, users should have enough context in the case of Secrets to make the right decision. Users should have a basic understanding of the files that their target kustomizations reference and of the files that they plan to upload to repos. Secret configurations are also not too difficult to identify.

Exec binaries that KRM functions reference are a different story. kustomize localize downloads remote exec binaries that, if malicious, are capable of almost anything during subsequent kustomize build calls. The command mitigates this risk by leaving these downloaded exec binaries without executable permissions and warning the user, as mentioned in Proposal. kustomize build can only run the exec binary after the user deems the binary safe and changes its permissions.

Still another risk may be that if a user's kustomization tree is large, kustomize localize may be copying files from unexpected locations. The command mitigates this risk with the scope flag. If not set, kustomize localize only copies files in target. Otherwise, the user specifies scopeand understands that kustomize localize only copies files in scope. The qualification that the command can only localize targets that follow load restrictions helps mitigate this risk as well.

Dependencies

N/A

Scalability

Large kustomization trees slows the performance of kustomize localize. These trees can have large local subtrees, have large remote subtrees, be deeply nested, or be wide, with each overlay referencing multiple bases. Regardless of the cause, large kustomization trees inevitably takes longer to copy and download. Parts of the kustomize code are not thread-safe, which precludes parallel execution.

On a separate note, a chain of remote kustomization directories in which the current kustomization file references the next remote kustomization directories could create a newDir with deeply nested localized-files. This directory structure would impede users’ navigation of newDir. However, this scenario should be unlikely as most kustomizations only consist of a few layers.

The creation of the localized-files directory local to the referencing kustomization file additionally prevents the different layers of kustomization files from sharing the same copy of the remote files. Following the same logic, different potential target directories cannot share copies either.

Drawbacks

Users whose layered kustomizations form a complex directory tree structure may have a hard time finding an appropriate scope. However, many kustomizations exist in repositories, allowing the user to easily choose the repo root as a valid scope. The warning messages that kustomize localize outputs for reference paths that extend beyond scope should also help.

Alternatives

  • Instead of downloading into newDir, kustomize localize could download all remote files into a directory specified by some global environment variable (like in Golang), which would preclude deeply nested directories and allow different kustomization files to share configurations. On top of that, if kustomize build had the added functionality to check for previous downloads of remote references at said global location, kustomize localize would not need to overwrite the remote references in target to the local downloads. As a result, kustomize localize would need to neither write to target nor copy target into newDir. The user would not need to specify a scope either.

    Despite its advantages, the alternative design violates the self-contained nature of each kustomize layer. Users would be unable to upload a fully localized kustomization directory in version control. Furthermore, this alternative complicates the existing kustomize workflow by requiring the setup of global environment variables.

  • The command could, instead of making a copy, modify target directly. However, users would not have an easy way to undo the command, which is undesirable.

  • Instead of requiring the user to specify a second argument scope, the command could by definition limit its copying to target. However, in the case of Story 1, the command would force the user to set target to example in order to include example/base in the localization of example/overlay. The user would then have to create a kustomization file at example that points to example/overlay under the resources field. The creation of the kustomization file solely for this purpose is messy and more work for the user.

Rollout Plan

This command will have at least alpha and GA releases. Depending on user feedback, we may add a beta.

Alpha

This release will not support

  • load restrictions check
  • KRM functions
  • absolute paths
  • target kustomization with reference cycles
  • any verification in the form of --no-verification flag or automatically running kustomize build at the end of localization

The entire command will be new in the alpha release, and so will not require an alpha flag. The command will not be available in kubectl kustomize either as kubectl only has kustomize build builtin.

Beta/GA

This release should have all features documented in this proposal. Though, we may make changes based on user feedback.