diff --git a/src/material/core/theming/_inspection.scss b/src/material/core/theming/_inspection.scss
index 30f6afc069c1..7747097aa126 100644
--- a/src/material/core/theming/_inspection.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/theming/_inspection.scss
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ $_typography-properties: (font, font-family, line-height, font-size, letter-spac
 @function get-theme-color($theme, $args...) {
   $version: get-theme-version($theme);
   $args-count: list.length($args);
-  @if $args-count != 1 and $args-count != 2 {
-    @error #{'Expected 2 or 3 arguments. Got:'} $args-count + 1;
+  @if $args-count != 1 and $args-count != 2 and $args-count != 3 {
+    @error #{'Expected between 2 and 4 arguments. Got:'} $args-count + 1;
   }
 
   @if $version == 0 {
diff --git a/src/material/core/theming/tests/theming-inspection-api.spec.ts b/src/material/core/theming/tests/theming-inspection-api.spec.ts
index 61d56dceef8e..abe38d84e515 100644
--- a/src/material/core/theming/tests/theming-inspection-api.spec.ts
+++ b/src/material/core/theming/tests/theming-inspection-api.spec.ts
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ describe('theming inspection api', () => {
             color: mat.get-theme-color($theme);
           }
         `),
-      ).toThrowError(/Expected 2 or 3 arguments. Got: 1/);
+      ).toThrowError(/Expected between 2 and 4 arguments\. Got: 1/);
     });
 
     it('should get typography properties from theme', () => {
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/_token-utils.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/_token-utils.scss
index e6d9565f798a..a09bd188f6d7 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/_token-utils.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/_token-utils.scss
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 @use '../theming/theming';
 @use '../typography/typography';
 
+// Indicates whether we're building internally. Used for backwards compatibility.
+$private-is-internal-build: false;
+
 $_placeholder-color-palette: theming.define-palette(palette.$red-palette);
 
 // Placeholder color config that can be passed to token getter functions when generating token
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_datepicker.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_datepicker.scss
index 6493a5d45776..ef00a98bf717 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_datepicker.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_datepicker.scss
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ $private-default-overlap-color: #a8dab5;
   $preview-outline-color: $divider-color;
   $today-disabled-outline-color: null;
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
 
   $primary-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, primary);
   $range-tokens: get-range-color-tokens(private-get-range-background-color($primary-color));
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ $private-default-overlap-color: #a8dab5;
   @return sass-utils.merge-all($calendar-tokens, $toggle-tokens, $range-tokens, (
     toggle-icon-color: $inactive-icon-color,
     calendar-body-label-text-color: $secondary-text-color,
-    calendar-period-button-text-color: $on-surface,
+    calendar-period-button-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1),
     calendar-period-button-icon-color: $inactive-icon-color,
     calendar-navigation-button-icon-color: $inactive-icon-color,
     calendar-header-divider-color: $divider-color,
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab-small.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab-small.scss
index 4ff3476b347b..beb74723bb9b 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab-small.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab-small.scss
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, fab-small);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -29,13 +28,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, fab-small);
     foreground-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
@@ -48,24 +47,42 @@ $prefix: (mat, fab-small);
 
     // MDC doesn't have tokens for disabled FABs so we need to implemented them ourselves.
     // Background color of the container when the FAB is disabled.
-    disabled-state-container-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.12),
+    disabled-state-container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, disabled-button,
+      0.12),
 
     // Color of the icons and projected text when the FAB is disabled.
-    disabled-state-foreground-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
+    disabled-state-foreground-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
   );
 }
 
 // Generates the mapping for the properties that change based on the FAB palette color.
 @function private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
-  $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  $foreground-color: null;
+  $state-layer-color: null;
+  $ripple-color: null;
+
+  @if (token-utils.$private-is-internal-build) {
+    $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+    $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
+    $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+    $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+    $foreground-color: $color;
+    $state-layer-color: $color;
+    $ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1);
+  }
+  @else {
+    $foreground-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+    $state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+    $ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 0.1);
+  }
 
   @return (
-    foreground-color: $color,
-    state-layer-color: $color,
-    ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1),
+    foreground-color: $foreground-color,
+    state-layer-color: $state-layer-color,
+    ripple-color: $ripple-color,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab.scss
index ede83f1dbc39..e3aed807d262 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_fab.scss
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, fab);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -29,13 +28,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, fab);
     foreground-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
@@ -48,24 +47,42 @@ $prefix: (mat, fab);
 
     // MDC doesn't have tokens for disabled FABs so we need to implemented them ourselves.
     // Background color of the container when the FAB is disabled.
-    disabled-state-container-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.12),
+    disabled-state-container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, disabled-button,
+      0.12),
 
     // Color of the icons and projected text when the FAB is disabled.
-    disabled-state-foreground-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
+    disabled-state-foreground-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
   );
 }
 
 // Generates the mapping for the properties that change based on the FAB palette color.
 @function private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
-  $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  $foreground-color: null;
+  $state-layer-color: null;
+  $ripple-color: null;
+
+  @if (token-utils.$private-is-internal-build) {
+    $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+    $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
+    $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+    $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+    $foreground-color: $color;
+    $state-layer-color: $color;
+    $ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1);
+  }
+  @else {
+    $foreground-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+    $state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+    $ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 0.1);
+  }
 
   @return (
-    foreground-color: $color,
-    state-layer-color: $color,
-    ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1),
+    foreground-color: $foreground-color,
+    state-layer-color: $state-layer-color,
+    ripple-color: $ripple-color,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_filled-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_filled-button.scss
index 0fc6855ea769..5fc78f2070ff 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_filled-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_filled-button.scss
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, filled-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, filled-button);
 
   @return (
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
@@ -57,14 +56,27 @@ $prefix: (mat, filled-button);
 
 // Generates the mapping for the properties that change based on the button palette color.
 @function private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
-  $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+  $state-layer-color: null;
+  $ripple-color: null;
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  @if (token-utils.$private-is-internal-build) {
+    $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+    $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
+    $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+    $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+    $state-layer-color: $color;
+    $ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1);
+  }
+  @else {
+    $state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+    $ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 0.1);
+  }
 
   @return (
-    state-layer-color: $color,
-    ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1),
+    state-layer-color: $state-layer-color,
+    ripple-color: $ripple-color,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_form-field.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_form-field.scss
index 96ec73b5b2bb..376e92993947 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_form-field.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_form-field.scss
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, form-field);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $color-tokens: private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, primary);
 
   @return map.merge($color-tokens, (
     // MDC has a token for the enabled placeholder, but not for the disabled one.
-    disabled-input-text-placeholder-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
-    state-layer-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
+    disabled-input-text-placeholder-color:
+      inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 0.38),
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.87),
     error-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, warn),
 
     // On dark themes we set the native `select` color to some shade of white,
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ $prefix: (mat, form-field);
 
     // These values are taken from the MDC select implementation:
     // https://github.com/material-components/material-components-web/blob/master/packages/mdc-select/_select-theme.scss
-    enabled-select-arrow-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.54),
-    disabled-select-arrow-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
+    enabled-select-arrow-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 0.54),
+    disabled-select-arrow-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 0.38),
 
     hover-state-layer-opacity: if($is-dark, 0.08, 0.04),
     focus-state-layer-opacity: if($is-dark, 0.24, 0.08),
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_icon-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_icon-button.scss
index c516895b67ff..48013f246243 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_icon-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_icon-button.scss
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, icon-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -26,13 +25,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, icon-button);
 
   @return (
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_menu.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_menu.scss
index 8b8ad3dfa6be..79c9155eeb26 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_menu.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_menu.scss
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ $prefix: (mat, menu);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
-  $active-state-layer-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.08, 0.04));
+  $active-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base,
+    if($is-dark, 0.08, 0.04));
   $text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text);
 
   @return (
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_option.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_option.scss
index b7a76a9a2ab3..321d408bbcf2 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_option.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_option.scss
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ $prefix: (mat, option);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name: primary) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
-  $active-state-layer-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.08, 0.04));
+  $active-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base,
+    if($is-dark, 0.08, 0.04));
 
   @return (
     selected-state-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name),
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_outlined-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_outlined-button.scss
index cb33ce751872..6f706fe55019 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_outlined-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_outlined-button.scss
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, outlined-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, outlined-button);
 
   @return (
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_protected-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_protected-button.scss
index dc3291f90c0b..5550574dab5d 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_protected-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_protected-button.scss
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, protected-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, protected-button);
 
   @return (
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
@@ -57,14 +56,27 @@ $prefix: (mat, protected-button);
 
 // Generates the mapping for the properties that change based on the button palette color.
 @function private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
-  $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+  $state-layer-color: null;
+  $ripple-color: null;
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  @if (token-utils.$private-is-internal-build) {
+    $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+    $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name);
+    $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+    $color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+    $state-layer-color: $color;
+    $ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1);
+  }
+  @else {
+    $state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+    $ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 0.1);
+  }
 
   @return (
-    state-layer-color: $color,
-    ripple-color: rgba($color, 0.1),
+    state-layer-color: $state-layer-color,
+    ripple-color: $ripple-color,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_radio.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_radio.scss
index 54170f26ab02..605ffa870639 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_radio.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_radio.scss
@@ -14,10 +14,8 @@ $prefix: (mat, radio);
 
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name: accent) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-
   @return (
-    ripple-color: if($is-dark, #fff, #000),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
     checked-ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default),
     disabled-label-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-text),
   );
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_select.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_select.scss
index 76bcd932011d..5dbfa01aa2a1 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_select.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_select.scss
@@ -19,19 +19,29 @@ $prefix: (mat, select);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name: primary) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
   $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
+  $text-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1));
+  $disabled-text-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-text, 1));
+  $icon-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, divider, 1));
 
   @return (
     panel-background-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, card),
-    enabled-trigger-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
-    disabled-trigger-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
-    placeholder-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
-    enabled-arrow-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.54),
-    disabled-arrow-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
+    enabled-trigger-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.87),
+    disabled-trigger-text-color:
+      sass-utils.safe-color-change($disabled-text-color-base, $alpha: 0.38),
+    placeholder-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
+    enabled-arrow-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($icon-color-base, $alpha: 0.54),
+    disabled-arrow-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.38),
     focused-arrow-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change(
-        inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default), $alpha: 0.87),
+      inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default), $alpha: 0.87),
     invalid-arrow-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change(
-        inspection.get-theme-color($theme, warn, default), $alpha: 0.87),
+      inspection.get-theme-color($theme, warn, default), $alpha: 0.87),
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_tab-header.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_tab-header.scss
index deaebf6ac72f..9773fb70d769 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_tab-header.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_tab-header.scss
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, tab-header);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name: primary) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $inactive-label-text-color: rgba(if($is-dark, #fff, #000), 0.6);
+  $inactive-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 0.6);
   $active-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
   $ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
 
   @return (
     disabled-ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled),
-    pagination-icon-color: if($is-dark, #fff, #000),
+    pagination-icon-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 1),
 
     // Note: MDC has equivalents of these tokens, but they lead to much higher selector specificity.
     inactive-label-text-color: $inactive-label-text-color,
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_text-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_text-button.scss
index 37c749811d84..aeb4474a4267 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_text-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mat/_text-button.scss
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ $prefix: (mat, text-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $ripple-opacities: if($is-dark,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$light-ink-opacities,
     mdc-ripple-theme.$dark-ink-opacities
@@ -39,13 +38,13 @@ $prefix: (mat, text-button);
 
   @return (
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states.
-    state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the element that shows the hover, focus and pressed states while disabled.
-    disabled-state-layer-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-state-layer-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base),
 
     // Color of the ripple element.
-    ripple-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.1),
+    ripple-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, base, 0.1),
 
     // Opacity of the ripple when the button is hovered.
     hover-state-layer-opacity: map.get($ripple-opacities, hover),
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_dialog.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_dialog.scss
index 83fc63519880..51d13ae801aa 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_dialog.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_dialog.scss
@@ -55,15 +55,21 @@ $prefix: (mdc, dialog);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  $text-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build,
+    if($is-dark, #fff, #000),
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1)
+  );
 
   @return (
     // Background color of the container.
     container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, dialog),
     // Color of the dialog header.
-    subhead-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
+    subhead-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-base, $alpha: 0.87),
     // Color of the dialog body text.
-    supporting-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
+    supporting-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-base, $alpha: 0.6),
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-button.scss
index 408c6716f04a..93800ea7261e 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-button.scss
@@ -51,26 +51,36 @@ $prefix: (mdc, filled-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $surface: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, card);
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
 
   @return (
-    container-color: $surface,
-    label-text-color: $on-surface,
-    disabled-container-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.12),
-    disabled-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
+    container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, card),
+    label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1),
+    disabled-container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      0.12),
+    disabled-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
   );
 }
 
 // Generates the mapping for the properties that change based on the button palette color.
 @function private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
   $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+  $label-text-color: null;
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  @if (token-utils.$private-is-internal-build) {
+    $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+    $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+    $label-text-color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+  }
+  @else {
+    $label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+  }
 
   @return (
     container-color: $container-color,
-    label-text-color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff),
+    label-text-color: $label-text-color,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-text-field.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-text-field.scss
index ee4d80779ae6..34e1e570396f 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-text-field.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_filled-text-field.scss
@@ -93,30 +93,42 @@ $prefix: (mdc, filled-text-field);
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
   $surface: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, card);
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $warn-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, warn);
   $color-tokens: private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, primary);
+  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  $text-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1));
+  $disabled-text-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-text, 1));
+  $divider-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, divider, 1));
 
   @return map.merge($color-tokens, (
     container-color: _variable-safe-mix($on-surface, $surface, 4%),
     disabled-container-color: _variable-safe-mix($on-surface, $surface, 2%),
 
-    label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
-    hover-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
-    disabled-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
+    label-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
+    hover-label-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
+    disabled-label-text-color:
+      sass-utils.safe-color-change($disabled-text-color-base, $alpha: 0.38),
 
-    input-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
-    disabled-input-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
-    input-text-placeholder-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
+    input-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.87),
+    disabled-input-text-color:
+      sass-utils.safe-color-change($disabled-text-color-base, $alpha: 0.38),
+    input-text-placeholder-color:
+      sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
 
     error-hover-label-text-color: $warn-color,
     error-focus-label-text-color: $warn-color,
     error-label-text-color: $warn-color,
     error-caret-color: $warn-color,
 
-    active-indicator-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.42),
-    disabled-active-indicator-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.06),
-    hover-active-indicator-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
+    active-indicator-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($divider-base, $alpha: 0.42),
+    disabled-active-indicator-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($divider-base, $alpha: 0.06),
+    hover-active-indicator-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($divider-base, $alpha: 0.87),
     error-active-indicator-color: $warn-color,
     error-focus-active-indicator-color: $warn-color,
     error-hover-active-indicator-color: $warn-color,
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-button.scss
index 2795a94ac186..3629ebe76505 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-button.scss
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 @use '../../../style/sass-utils';
 @use '../../../theming/inspection';
 @use '../../../theming/theming';
-@use '../../../mdc-helpers/mdc-helpers';
 
 // The prefix used to generate the fully qualified name for tokens in this file.
 $prefix: (mdc, outlined-button);
@@ -55,15 +54,20 @@ $prefix: (mdc, outlined-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $surface: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, card);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($surface, $is-dark);
-  $on-surface: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  $outline: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build,
+    rgba(if($is-dark, #fff, #000), 0.12),
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, divider)
+  );
 
   @return (
-    disabled-outline-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.12),
-    disabled-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
-    label-text-color: if($is-dark, #fff, #000),
-    outline-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.12)
+    disabled-outline-color: $outline,
+    disabled-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
+    label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1),
+    outline-color: $outline,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-text-field.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-text-field.scss
index cc63f65f0c0c..e0b54b9d93e2 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-text-field.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_outlined-text-field.scss
@@ -86,18 +86,29 @@ $prefix: (mdc, outlined-text-field);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $warn-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, warn);
   $color-tokens: private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, primary);
 
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
+  $text-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1));
+  $disabled-text-color-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-text, 1));
+  $divider-base: if(token-utils.$private-is-internal-build, $on-surface,
+    inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, divider, 1));
+
   @return map.merge($color-tokens, (
-    label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
-    hover-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
-    disabled-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
+    label-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
+    hover-label-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
+    disabled-label-text-color:
+      sass-utils.safe-color-change($disabled-text-color-base, $alpha: 0.38),
 
-    input-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
-    disabled-input-text-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
-    input-text-placeholder-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.6),
+    input-text-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.87),
+    disabled-input-text-color:
+      sass-utils.safe-color-change($disabled-text-color-base, $alpha: 0.38),
+    input-text-placeholder-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($text-color-base, $alpha: 0.6),
 
     error-caret-color: $warn-color,
     error-focus-label-text-color: $warn-color,
@@ -105,9 +116,9 @@ $prefix: (mdc, outlined-text-field);
     error-hover-label-text-color: $warn-color,
 
     // Outline tokens
-    outline-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.38),
-    disabled-outline-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.06),
-    hover-outline-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.87),
+    outline-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($divider-base, $alpha: 0.38),
+    disabled-outline-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($divider-base, $alpha: 0.06),
+    hover-outline-color: sass-utils.safe-color-change($divider-base, $alpha: 0.87),
     error-focus-outline-color: $warn-color,
     error-hover-outline-color: $warn-color,
     error-outline-color: $warn-color,
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_protected-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_protected-button.scss
index 9ce223d83776..c3b8eac6211e 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_protected-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_protected-button.scss
@@ -45,13 +45,14 @@ $prefix: (mdc, protected-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
 
   @return (
     container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, background, card),
-    label-text-color: $on-surface,
-    disabled-container-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.12),
-    disabled-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
+    label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1),
+    disabled-container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      0.12),
+    disabled-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
     container-elevation: 2,
     disabled-container-elevation: 0,
     focus-container-elevation: 4,
@@ -63,13 +64,23 @@ $prefix: (mdc, protected-button);
 
 // Generates the mapping for the properties that change based on the button palette color.
 @function private-get-color-palette-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name) {
-  $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
   $container-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
-  $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+  $label-text-color: null;
+
+  // Ideally we would derive all values directly from the theme, but it causes a lot of regressions
+  // internally. For now we fall back to the old hardcoded behavior only for internal apps.
+  @if (token-utils.$private-is-internal-build) {
+    $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
+    $contrast-tone: mdc-helpers.variable-safe-contrast-tone($container-color, $is-dark);
+    $label-text-color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff);
+  }
+  @else {
+    $label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default-contrast, 1);
+  }
 
   @return (
     container-color: $container-color,
-    label-text-color: if($contrast-tone == 'dark', #000, #fff),
+    label-text-color: $label-text-color,
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_radio.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_radio.scss
index d912bede9616..c241ab1728a3 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_radio.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_radio.scss
@@ -45,15 +45,14 @@ $prefix: (mdc, radio);
 @function get-color-tokens($theme, $palette-name: accent) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
   $palette-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, $palette-name, default);
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
   $icon-color: theming.get-color-from-palette(palette.$gray-palette, if($is-dark, 200, 900));
 
   @return (
-    disabled-selected-icon-color: $on-surface,
-    disabled-unselected-icon-color: $on-surface,
+    disabled-selected-icon-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 1),
+    disabled-unselected-icon-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 1),
     unselected-hover-icon-color: $icon-color,
-    unselected-icon-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.54),
-    unselected-pressed-icon-color: rgba($on-surface, 0.54),
+    unselected-icon-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 0.54),
+    unselected-pressed-icon-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, icon, 0.54),
     selected-focus-icon-color: $palette-color,
     selected-hover-icon-color: $palette-color,
     selected-icon-color: $palette-color,
diff --git a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_text-button.scss b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_text-button.scss
index 9f8cfc0cc088..b4dac9bc92a2 100644
--- a/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_text-button.scss
+++ b/src/material/core/tokens/m2/mdc/_text-button.scss
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ $prefix: (mdc, text-button);
 // Tokens that can be configured through Angular Material's color theming API.
 @function get-color-tokens($theme) {
   $is-dark: inspection.get-theme-type($theme) == dark;
-  $on-surface: if($is-dark, #fff, #000);
 
   @return (
-    label-text-color: $on-surface,
-    disabled-label-text-color: rgba($on-surface, if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
+    label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, text, 1),
+    disabled-label-text-color: inspection.get-theme-color($theme, foreground, disabled-button,
+      if($is-dark, 0.5, 0.38)),
   );
 }