PgDatabaseMetaData.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2004, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
 */

package org.postgresql.jdbc;

import static org.postgresql.util.internal.Nullness.castNonNull;

import org.postgresql.core.BaseStatement;
import org.postgresql.core.Field;
import org.postgresql.core.Oid;
import org.postgresql.core.ServerVersion;
import org.postgresql.core.Tuple;
import org.postgresql.core.TypeInfo;
import org.postgresql.util.ByteConverter;
import org.postgresql.util.GT;
import org.postgresql.util.JdbcBlackHole;
import org.postgresql.util.PSQLException;
import org.postgresql.util.PSQLState;

import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.KeyFor;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.sql.Array;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.RowIdLifetime;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.sql.Types;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class PgDatabaseMetaData implements DatabaseMetaData {

  public PgDatabaseMetaData(PgConnection conn) {
    this.connection = conn;
  }

  private @Nullable String keywords;

  protected final PgConnection connection; // The connection association

  private int nameDataLength = 0; // length for name datatype
  private int indexMaxKeys = 0; // maximum number of keys in an index.

  protected int getMaxIndexKeys() throws SQLException {
    if (indexMaxKeys == 0) {
      String sql;
      sql = "SELECT setting FROM pg_catalog.pg_settings WHERE name='max_index_keys'";

      Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
      ResultSet rs = null;
      try {
        rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
        if (!rs.next()) {
          stmt.close();
          throw new PSQLException(
              GT.tr(
                  "Unable to determine a value for MaxIndexKeys due to missing system catalog data."),
              PSQLState.UNEXPECTED_ERROR);
        }
        indexMaxKeys = rs.getInt(1);
      } finally {
        JdbcBlackHole.close(rs);
        JdbcBlackHole.close(stmt);
      }
    }
    return indexMaxKeys;
  }

  protected int getMaxNameLength() throws SQLException {
    if (nameDataLength == 0) {
      String sql;
      sql = "SELECT t.typlen FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n "
            + "WHERE t.typnamespace=n.oid AND t.typname='name' AND n.nspname='pg_catalog'";

      Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
      ResultSet rs = null;
      try {
        rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
        if (!rs.next()) {
          throw new PSQLException(GT.tr("Unable to find name datatype in the system catalogs."),
              PSQLState.UNEXPECTED_ERROR);
        }
        nameDataLength = rs.getInt("typlen");
      } finally {
        JdbcBlackHole.close(rs);
        JdbcBlackHole.close(stmt);
      }
    }
    return nameDataLength - 1;
  }

  public boolean allProceduresAreCallable() throws SQLException {
    return true; // For now...
  }

  public boolean allTablesAreSelectable() throws SQLException {
    return true; // For now...
  }

  public String getURL() throws SQLException {
    return connection.getURL();
  }

  public String getUserName() throws SQLException {
    return connection.getUserName();
  }

  public boolean isReadOnly() throws SQLException {
    return connection.isReadOnly();
  }

  public boolean nullsAreSortedHigh() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean nullsAreSortedLow() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean nullsAreSortedAtStart() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean nullsAreSortedAtEnd() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves the name of this database product. We hope that it is PostgreSQL, so we return that
   * explicitly.
   *
   * @return "PostgreSQL"
   */
  @Override
  public String getDatabaseProductName() throws SQLException {
    return "PostgreSQL";
  }

  @Override
  public String getDatabaseProductVersion() throws SQLException {
    return connection.getDBVersionNumber();
  }

  @Override
  public String getDriverName() {
    return org.postgresql.util.DriverInfo.DRIVER_NAME;
  }

  @Override
  public String getDriverVersion() {
    return org.postgresql.util.DriverInfo.DRIVER_VERSION;
  }

  @Override
  public int getDriverMajorVersion() {
    return org.postgresql.util.DriverInfo.MAJOR_VERSION;
  }

  @Override
  public int getDriverMinorVersion() {
    return org.postgresql.util.DriverInfo.MINOR_VERSION;
  }

  /**
   * Does the database store tables in a local file? No - it stores them in a file on the server.
   *
   * @return true if so
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean usesLocalFiles() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Does the database use a file for each table? Well, not really, since it doesn't use local files.
   *
   * @return true if so
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean usesLocalFilePerTable() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Does the database treat mixed case unquoted SQL identifiers as case sensitive and as a result
   * store them in mixed case? A JDBC-Compliant driver will always return false.
   *
   * @return true if so
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsMixedCaseIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean storesUpperCaseIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean storesLowerCaseIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean storesMixedCaseIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Does the database treat mixed case quoted SQL identifiers as case sensitive and as a result
   * store them in mixed case? A JDBC compliant driver will always return true.
   *
   * @return true if so
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsMixedCaseQuotedIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean storesUpperCaseQuotedIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean storesLowerCaseQuotedIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean storesMixedCaseQuotedIdentifiers() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * What is the string used to quote SQL identifiers? This returns a space if identifier quoting
   * isn't supported. A JDBC Compliant driver will always use a double quote character.
   *
   * @return the quoting string
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public String getIdentifierQuoteString() throws SQLException {
    return "\"";
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * <p>From PostgreSQL 9.0+ return the keywords from pg_catalog.pg_get_keywords()</p>
   *
   * @return a comma separated list of keywords we use
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  @Override
  public String getSQLKeywords() throws SQLException {
    connection.checkClosed();
    String keywords = this.keywords;
    if (keywords == null) {
      if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_0)) {
        // Exclude SQL:2003 keywords (https://github.com/ronsavage/SQL/blob/master/sql-2003-2.bnf)
        // from the returned list, ugly but required by jdbc spec.
        String sql = "select string_agg(word, ',') from pg_catalog.pg_get_keywords() "
            + "where word <> ALL ('{a,abs,absolute,action,ada,add,admin,after,all,allocate,alter,"
            + "always,and,any,are,array,as,asc,asensitive,assertion,assignment,asymmetric,at,atomic,"
            + "attribute,attributes,authorization,avg,before,begin,bernoulli,between,bigint,binary,"
            + "blob,boolean,both,breadth,by,c,call,called,cardinality,cascade,cascaded,case,cast,"
            + "catalog,catalog_name,ceil,ceiling,chain,char,char_length,character,character_length,"
            + "character_set_catalog,character_set_name,character_set_schema,characteristics,"
            + "characters,check,checked,class_origin,clob,close,coalesce,cobol,code_units,collate,"
            + "collation,collation_catalog,collation_name,collation_schema,collect,column,"
            + "column_name,command_function,command_function_code,commit,committed,condition,"
            + "condition_number,connect,connection_name,constraint,constraint_catalog,constraint_name,"
            + "constraint_schema,constraints,constructors,contains,continue,convert,corr,"
            + "corresponding,count,covar_pop,covar_samp,create,cross,cube,cume_dist,current,"
            + "current_collation,current_date,current_default_transform_group,current_path,"
            + "current_role,current_time,current_timestamp,current_transform_group_for_type,current_user,"
            + "cursor,cursor_name,cycle,data,date,datetime_interval_code,datetime_interval_precision,"
            + "day,deallocate,dec,decimal,declare,default,defaults,deferrable,deferred,defined,definer,"
            + "degree,delete,dense_rank,depth,deref,derived,desc,describe,descriptor,deterministic,"
            + "diagnostics,disconnect,dispatch,distinct,domain,double,drop,dynamic,dynamic_function,"
            + "dynamic_function_code,each,element,else,end,end-exec,equals,escape,every,except,"
            + "exception,exclude,excluding,exec,execute,exists,exp,external,extract,false,fetch,filter,"
            + "final,first,float,floor,following,for,foreign,fortran,found,free,from,full,function,"
            + "fusion,g,general,get,global,go,goto,grant,granted,group,grouping,having,hierarchy,hold,"
            + "hour,identity,immediate,implementation,in,including,increment,indicator,initially,"
            + "inner,inout,input,insensitive,insert,instance,instantiable,int,integer,intersect,"
            + "intersection,interval,into,invoker,is,isolation,join,k,key,key_member,key_type,language,"
            + "large,last,lateral,leading,left,length,level,like,ln,local,localtime,localtimestamp,"
            + "locator,lower,m,map,match,matched,max,maxvalue,member,merge,message_length,"
            + "message_octet_length,message_text,method,min,minute,minvalue,mod,modifies,module,month,"
            + "more,multiset,mumps,name,names,national,natural,nchar,nclob,nesting,new,next,no,none,"
            + "normalize,normalized,not,\"null\",nullable,nullif,nulls,number,numeric,object,"
            + "octet_length,octets,of,old,on,only,open,option,options,or,order,ordering,ordinality,"
            + "others,out,outer,output,over,overlaps,overlay,overriding,pad,parameter,parameter_mode,"
            + "parameter_name,parameter_ordinal_position,parameter_specific_catalog,"
            + "parameter_specific_name,parameter_specific_schema,partial,partition,pascal,path,"
            + "percent_rank,percentile_cont,percentile_disc,placing,pli,position,power,preceding,"
            + "precision,prepare,preserve,primary,prior,privileges,procedure,public,range,rank,read,"
            + "reads,real,recursive,ref,references,referencing,regr_avgx,regr_avgy,regr_count,"
            + "regr_intercept,regr_r2,regr_slope,regr_sxx,regr_sxy,regr_syy,relative,release,"
            + "repeatable,restart,result,return,returned_cardinality,returned_length,"
            + "returned_octet_length,returned_sqlstate,returns,revoke,right,role,rollback,rollup,"
            + "routine,routine_catalog,routine_name,routine_schema,row,row_count,row_number,rows,"
            + "savepoint,scale,schema,schema_name,scope_catalog,scope_name,scope_schema,scroll,"
            + "search,second,section,security,select,self,sensitive,sequence,serializable,server_name,"
            + "session,session_user,set,sets,similar,simple,size,smallint,some,source,space,specific,"
            + "specific_name,specifictype,sql,sqlexception,sqlstate,sqlwarning,sqrt,start,state,"
            + "statement,static,stddev_pop,stddev_samp,structure,style,subclass_origin,submultiset,"
            + "substring,sum,symmetric,system,system_user,table,table_name,tablesample,temporary,then,"
            + "ties,time,timestamp,timezone_hour,timezone_minute,to,top_level_count,trailing,"
            + "transaction,transaction_active,transactions_committed,transactions_rolled_back,"
            + "transform,transforms,translate,translation,treat,trigger,trigger_catalog,trigger_name,"
            + "trigger_schema,trim,true,type,uescape,unbounded,uncommitted,under,union,unique,unknown,"
            + "unnamed,unnest,update,upper,usage,user,user_defined_type_catalog,user_defined_type_code,"
            + "user_defined_type_name,user_defined_type_schema,using,value,values,var_pop,var_samp,"
            + "varchar,varying,view,when,whenever,where,width_bucket,window,with,within,without,work,"
            + "write,year,zone}'::text[])";

        Statement stmt = null;
        ResultSet rs = null;
        try {
          stmt = connection.createStatement();
          rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
          if (!rs.next()) {
            throw new PSQLException(GT.tr("Unable to find keywords in the system catalogs."),
                PSQLState.UNEXPECTED_ERROR);
          }
          keywords = rs.getString(1);
        } finally {
          JdbcBlackHole.close(rs);
          JdbcBlackHole.close(stmt);
        }
      } else {
        // Static list from PG8.2 src/backend/parser/keywords.c with SQL:2003 excluded.
        keywords = "abort,access,aggregate,also,analyse,analyze,backward,bit,cache,checkpoint,class,"
            + "cluster,comment,concurrently,connection,conversion,copy,csv,database,delimiter,"
            + "delimiters,disable,do,enable,encoding,encrypted,exclusive,explain,force,forward,freeze,"
            + "greatest,handler,header,if,ilike,immutable,implicit,index,indexes,inherit,inherits,"
            + "instead,isnull,least,limit,listen,load,location,lock,mode,move,nothing,notify,notnull,"
            + "nowait,off,offset,oids,operator,owned,owner,password,prepared,procedural,quote,reassign,"
            + "recheck,reindex,rename,replace,reset,restrict,returning,rule,setof,share,show,stable,"
            + "statistics,stdin,stdout,storage,strict,sysid,tablespace,temp,template,truncate,trusted,"
            + "unencrypted,unlisten,until,vacuum,valid,validator,verbose,volatile";
      }
      this.keywords = castNonNull(keywords);
    }
    return keywords;
  }

  public String getNumericFunctions() throws SQLException {
    return EscapedFunctions.ABS + ',' + EscapedFunctions.ACOS + ',' + EscapedFunctions.ASIN + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.ATAN + ',' + EscapedFunctions.ATAN2 + ',' + EscapedFunctions.CEILING
        + ',' + EscapedFunctions.COS + ',' + EscapedFunctions.COT + ',' + EscapedFunctions.DEGREES
        + ',' + EscapedFunctions.EXP + ',' + EscapedFunctions.FLOOR + ',' + EscapedFunctions.LOG
        + ',' + EscapedFunctions.LOG10 + ',' + EscapedFunctions.MOD + ',' + EscapedFunctions.PI
        + ',' + EscapedFunctions.POWER + ',' + EscapedFunctions.RADIANS + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.ROUND + ',' + EscapedFunctions.SIGN + ',' + EscapedFunctions.SIN + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.SQRT + ',' + EscapedFunctions.TAN + ',' + EscapedFunctions.TRUNCATE;

  }

  public String getStringFunctions() throws SQLException {
    String funcs = EscapedFunctions.ASCII + ',' + EscapedFunctions.CHAR + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.CONCAT + ',' + EscapedFunctions.LCASE + ',' + EscapedFunctions.LEFT + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.LENGTH + ',' + EscapedFunctions.LTRIM + ',' + EscapedFunctions.REPEAT
        + ',' + EscapedFunctions.RTRIM + ',' + EscapedFunctions.SPACE + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.SUBSTRING + ',' + EscapedFunctions.UCASE;

    // Currently these don't work correctly with parameterized
    // arguments, so leave them out. They reorder the arguments
    // when rewriting the query, but no translation layer is provided,
    // so a setObject(N, obj) will not go to the correct parameter.
    // ','+EscapedFunctions.INSERT+','+EscapedFunctions.LOCATE+
    // ','+EscapedFunctions.RIGHT+

    funcs += ',' + EscapedFunctions.REPLACE;

    return funcs;
  }

  public String getSystemFunctions() throws SQLException {
    return EscapedFunctions.DATABASE + ',' + EscapedFunctions.IFNULL + ',' + EscapedFunctions.USER;
  }

  public String getTimeDateFunctions() throws SQLException {
    String timeDateFuncs = EscapedFunctions.CURDATE + ',' + EscapedFunctions.CURTIME + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.DAYNAME + ',' + EscapedFunctions.DAYOFMONTH + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.DAYOFWEEK + ',' + EscapedFunctions.DAYOFYEAR + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.HOUR + ',' + EscapedFunctions.MINUTE + ',' + EscapedFunctions.MONTH + ','
        + EscapedFunctions.MONTHNAME + ',' + EscapedFunctions.NOW + ',' + EscapedFunctions.QUARTER
        + ',' + EscapedFunctions.SECOND + ',' + EscapedFunctions.WEEK + ',' + EscapedFunctions.YEAR;

    timeDateFuncs += ',' + EscapedFunctions.TIMESTAMPADD;

    // +','+EscapedFunctions.TIMESTAMPDIFF;

    return timeDateFuncs;
  }

  public String getSearchStringEscape() throws SQLException {
    // This method originally returned "\\\\" assuming that it
    // would be fed directly into pg's input parser so it would
    // need two backslashes. This isn't how it's supposed to be
    // used though. If passed as a PreparedStatement parameter
    // or fed to a DatabaseMetaData method then double backslashes
    // are incorrect. If you're feeding something directly into
    // a query you are responsible for correctly escaping it.
    // With 8.2+ this escaping is a little trickier because you
    // must know the setting of standard_conforming_strings, but
    // that's not our problem.

    return "\\";
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * <p>Postgresql allows any high-bit character to be used in an unquoted identifier, so we can't
   * possibly list them all.</p>
   *
   * <p>From the file src/backend/parser/scan.l, an identifier is ident_start [A-Za-z\200-\377_]
   * ident_cont [A-Za-z\200-\377_0-9\$] identifier {ident_start}{ident_cont}*</p>
   *
   * @return a string containing the extra characters
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public String getExtraNameCharacters() throws SQLException {
    return "";
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 6.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsAlterTableWithAddColumn() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsAlterTableWithDropColumn() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsColumnAliasing() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean nullPlusNonNullIsNull() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsConvert() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsConvert(int fromType, int toType) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsTableCorrelationNames() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsDifferentTableCorrelationNames() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsExpressionsInOrderBy() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 6.4+
   */
  public boolean supportsOrderByUnrelated() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsGroupBy() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 6.4+
   */
  public boolean supportsGroupByUnrelated() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /*
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 6.4+
   */
  public boolean supportsGroupByBeyondSelect() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /*
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsLikeEscapeClause() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsMultipleResultSets() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsMultipleTransactions() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsNonNullableColumns() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * <p>This grammar is defined at:
   * <a href="http://www.microsoft.com/msdn/sdk/platforms/doc/odbc/src/intropr.htm">
   *     http://www.microsoft.com/msdn/sdk/platforms/doc/odbc/src/intropr.htm</a></p>
   *
   * <p>In Appendix C. From this description, we seem to support the ODBC minimal (Level 0) grammar.</p>
   *
   * @return true
   */
  public boolean supportsMinimumSQLGrammar() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Does this driver support the Core ODBC SQL grammar. We need SQL-92 conformance for this.
   *
   * @return false
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsCoreSQLGrammar() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Does this driver support the Extended (Level 2) ODBC SQL grammar. We don't conform to the Core
   * (Level 1), so we can't conform to the Extended SQL Grammar.
   *
   * @return false
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsExtendedSQLGrammar() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Does this driver support the ANSI-92 entry level SQL grammar? All JDBC Compliant drivers must
   * return true. We currently report false until 'schema' support is added. Then this should be
   * changed to return true, since we will be mostly compliant (probably more compliant than many
   * other databases) And since this is a requirement for all JDBC drivers we need to get to the
   * point where we can return true.
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsANSI92EntryLevelSQL() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return false
   */
  public boolean supportsANSI92IntermediateSQL() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return false
   */
  public boolean supportsANSI92FullSQL() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /*
   * Is the SQL Integrity Enhancement Facility supported? Our best guess is that this means support
   * for constraints
   *
   * @return true
   *
   * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsIntegrityEnhancementFacility() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsOuterJoins() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsFullOuterJoins() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsLimitedOuterJoins() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   * <p>PostgreSQL doesn't have schemas, but when it does, we'll use the term "schema".</p>
   *
   * @return {@code "schema"}
   */
  public String getSchemaTerm() throws SQLException {
    return "schema";
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return {@code "function"}
   */
  public String getProcedureTerm() throws SQLException {
    return "function";
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return {@code "database"}
   */
  public String getCatalogTerm() throws SQLException {
    return "database";
  }

  public boolean isCatalogAtStart() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public String getCatalogSeparator() throws SQLException {
    return ".";
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsSchemasInDataManipulation() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsSchemasInProcedureCalls() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsSchemasInTableDefinitions() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsSchemasInIndexDefinitions() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsSchemasInPrivilegeDefinitions() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsCatalogsInDataManipulation() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsCatalogsInProcedureCalls() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsCatalogsInTableDefinitions() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsCatalogsInIndexDefinitions() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsCatalogsInPrivilegeDefinitions() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * We support cursors for gets only it seems. I dont see a method to get a positioned delete.
   *
   * @return false
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean supportsPositionedDelete() throws SQLException {
    return false; // For now...
  }

  public boolean supportsPositionedUpdate() throws SQLException {
    return false; // For now...
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 6.5+
   */
  public boolean supportsSelectForUpdate() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsStoredProcedures() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsSubqueriesInComparisons() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsSubqueriesInExists() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsSubqueriesInIns() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsSubqueriesInQuantifieds() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsCorrelatedSubqueries() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 6.3+
   */
  public boolean supportsUnion() throws SQLException {
    return true; // since 6.3
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @return true if connected to PostgreSQL 7.1+
   */
  public boolean supportsUnionAll() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc} In PostgreSQL, Cursors are only open within transactions.
   */
  public boolean supportsOpenCursorsAcrossCommit() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsOpenCursorsAcrossRollback() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   * <p>Can statements remain open across commits? They may, but this driver cannot guarantee that. In
   * further reflection. we are talking a Statement object here, so the answer is yes, since the
   * Statement is only a vehicle to ExecSQL()</p>
   *
   * @return true
   */
  public boolean supportsOpenStatementsAcrossCommit() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   * <p>Can statements remain open across rollbacks? They may, but this driver cannot guarantee that.
   * In further contemplation, we are talking a Statement object here, so the answer is yes, since
   * the Statement is only a vehicle to ExecSQL() in Connection</p>
   *
   * @return true
   */
  public boolean supportsOpenStatementsAcrossRollback() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public int getMaxCharLiteralLength() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit
  }

  public int getMaxBinaryLiteralLength() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit
  }

  public int getMaxColumnNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getMaxColumnsInGroupBy() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit
  }

  public int getMaxColumnsInIndex() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxIndexKeys();
  }

  public int getMaxColumnsInOrderBy() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit
  }

  public int getMaxColumnsInSelect() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc} What is the maximum number of columns in a table? From the CREATE TABLE reference
   * page...
   *
   * <p>"The new class is created as a heap with no initial data. A class can have no more than 1600
   * attributes (realistically, this is limited by the fact that tuple sizes must be less than 8192
   * bytes)..."</p>
   *
   * @return the max columns
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public int getMaxColumnsInTable() throws SQLException {
    return 1600;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc} How many active connection can we have at a time to this database? Well, since it
   * depends on postmaster, which just does a listen() followed by an accept() and fork(), its
   * basically very high. Unless the system runs out of processes, it can be 65535 (the number of
   * aux. ports on a TCP/IP system). I will return 8192 since that is what even the largest system
   * can realistically handle,
   *
   * @return the maximum number of connections
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public int getMaxConnections() throws SQLException {
    return 8192;
  }

  public int getMaxCursorNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getMaxIndexLength() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit (larger than an int anyway)
  }

  public int getMaxSchemaNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getMaxProcedureNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getMaxCatalogNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getMaxRowSize() throws SQLException {
    return 1073741824; // 1 GB
  }

  public boolean doesMaxRowSizeIncludeBlobs() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public int getMaxStatementLength() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // actually whatever fits in size_t
  }

  public int getMaxStatements() throws SQLException {
    return 0;
  }

  public int getMaxTableNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getMaxTablesInSelect() throws SQLException {
    return 0; // no limit
  }

  public int getMaxUserNameLength() throws SQLException {
    return getMaxNameLength();
  }

  public int getDefaultTransactionIsolation() throws SQLException {
    return Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED;
  }

  public boolean supportsTransactions() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   * <p>We only support TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE and TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED before 8.0; from 8.0
   * READ_UNCOMMITTED and REPEATABLE_READ are accepted aliases for READ_COMMITTED.</p>
   */
  public boolean supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int level) throws SQLException {
    switch (level) {
      case Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED:
      case Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED:
      case Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ:
      case Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE:
        return true;
      default:
        return false;
    }
  }

  public boolean supportsDataDefinitionAndDataManipulationTransactions() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsDataManipulationTransactionsOnly() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * <p>Does a data definition statement within a transaction force the transaction to commit? It seems
   * to mean something like:</p>
   *
   * <pre>
   * CREATE TABLE T (A INT);
   * INSERT INTO T (A) VALUES (2);
   * BEGIN;
   * UPDATE T SET A = A + 1;
   * CREATE TABLE X (A INT);
   * SELECT A FROM T INTO X;
   * COMMIT;
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>Does the CREATE TABLE call cause a commit? The answer is no.</p>
   *
   * @return true if so
   * @throws SQLException if a database access error occurs
   */
  public boolean dataDefinitionCausesTransactionCommit() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean dataDefinitionIgnoredInTransactions() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Turn the provided value into a valid string literal for direct inclusion into a query. This
   * includes the single quotes needed around it.
   *
   * @param s input value
   *
   * @return string literal for direct inclusion into a query
   * @throws SQLException if something wrong happens
   */
  protected String escapeQuotes(String s) throws SQLException {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    if (!connection.getStandardConformingStrings()) {
      sb.append("E");
    }
    sb.append("'");
    sb.append(connection.escapeString(s));
    sb.append("'");
    return sb.toString();
  }

  public ResultSet getProcedures(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String procedureNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {
    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT NULL AS PROCEDURE_CAT, n.nspname AS PROCEDURE_SCHEM, p.proname AS PROCEDURE_NAME, "
          + "NULL, NULL, NULL, d.description AS REMARKS, "
          + DatabaseMetaData.procedureReturnsResult + " AS PROCEDURE_TYPE, "
          + " p.proname || '_' || p.oid AS SPECIFIC_NAME "
          + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_proc p "
          + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_description d ON (p.oid=d.objoid) "
          + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class c ON (d.classoid=c.oid AND c.relname='pg_proc') "
          + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace pn ON (c.relnamespace=pn.oid AND pn.nspname='pg_catalog') "
          + " WHERE p.pronamespace=n.oid ";

    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v11)) {
      sql += " AND p.prokind='p'";
    }
    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (procedureNamePattern != null && !procedureNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND p.proname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(procedureNamePattern);
    }
    if (connection.getHideUnprivilegedObjects()) {
      sql += " AND has_function_privilege(p.oid,'EXECUTE')";
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY PROCEDURE_SCHEM, PROCEDURE_NAME, p.oid::text ";

    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  public ResultSet getProcedureColumns(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String procedureNamePattern, @Nullable String columnNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {
    int columns = 20;

    Field[] f = new Field[columns];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>(); // The new ResultSet tuple stuff

    f[0] = new Field("PROCEDURE_CAT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("PROCEDURE_SCHEM", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("PROCEDURE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[3] = new Field("COLUMN_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("COLUMN_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[5] = new Field("DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[6] = new Field("TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[7] = new Field("PRECISION", Oid.INT4);
    f[8] = new Field("LENGTH", Oid.INT4);
    f[9] = new Field("SCALE", Oid.INT2);
    f[10] = new Field("RADIX", Oid.INT2);
    f[11] = new Field("NULLABLE", Oid.INT2);
    f[12] = new Field("REMARKS", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[13] = new Field("COLUMN_DEF", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[14] = new Field("SQL_DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT4);
    f[15] = new Field("SQL_DATETIME_SUB", Oid.INT4);
    f[16] = new Field("CHAR_OCTET_LENGTH", Oid.INT4);
    f[17] = new Field("ORDINAL_POSITION", Oid.INT4);
    f[18] = new Field("IS_NULLABLE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[19] = new Field("SPECIFIC_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);

    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT n.nspname,p.proname,p.prorettype,p.proargtypes, t.typtype,t.typrelid, "
          + " p.proargnames, p.proargmodes, p.proallargtypes, p.oid "
          + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_proc p, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_type t "
          + " WHERE p.pronamespace=n.oid AND p.prorettype=t.oid ";
    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (procedureNamePattern != null && !procedureNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND p.proname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(procedureNamePattern);
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY n.nspname, p.proname, p.oid::text ";

    byte[] isnullableUnknown = new byte[0];

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] schema = rs.getBytes("nspname");
      byte[] procedureName = rs.getBytes("proname");
      byte[] specificName =
                connection.encodeString(rs.getString("proname") + "_" + rs.getString("oid"));
      int returnType = (int) rs.getLong("prorettype");
      String returnTypeType = rs.getString("typtype");
      int returnTypeRelid = (int) rs.getLong("typrelid");

      String strArgTypes = castNonNull(rs.getString("proargtypes"));
      StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(strArgTypes);
      List<Long> argTypes = new ArrayList<Long>();
      while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
        argTypes.add(Long.valueOf(st.nextToken()));
      }

      String[] argNames = null;
      Array argNamesArray = rs.getArray("proargnames");
      if (argNamesArray != null) {
        argNames = (String[]) argNamesArray.getArray();
      }

      String[] argModes = null;
      Array argModesArray = rs.getArray("proargmodes");
      if (argModesArray != null) {
        argModes = (String[]) argModesArray.getArray();
      }

      int numArgs = argTypes.size();

      Long[] allArgTypes = null;
      Array allArgTypesArray = rs.getArray("proallargtypes");
      if (allArgTypesArray != null) {
        allArgTypes = (Long[]) allArgTypesArray.getArray();
        numArgs = allArgTypes.length;
      }

      // decide if we are returning a single column result.
      if ("b".equals(returnTypeType) || "d".equals(returnTypeType) || "e".equals(returnTypeType)
          || ("p".equals(returnTypeType) && argModesArray == null)) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[columns][];
        tuple[0] = null;
        tuple[1] = schema;
        tuple[2] = procedureName;
        tuple[3] = connection.encodeString("returnValue");
        tuple[4] = connection
            .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.procedureColumnReturn));
        tuple[5] = connection
            .encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(returnType)));
        tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(returnType));
        tuple[7] = null;
        tuple[8] = null;
        tuple[9] = null;
        tuple[10] = null;
        tuple[11] = connection
            .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.procedureNullableUnknown));
        tuple[12] = null;
        tuple[17] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(0));
        tuple[18] = isnullableUnknown;
        tuple[19] = specificName;

        v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
      }

      // Add a row for each argument.
      for (int i = 0; i < numArgs; i++) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[columns][];
        tuple[0] = null;
        tuple[1] = schema;
        tuple[2] = procedureName;

        if (argNames != null) {
          tuple[3] = connection.encodeString(argNames[i]);
        } else {
          tuple[3] = connection.encodeString("$" + (i + 1));
        }

        int columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.procedureColumnIn;
        if (argModes != null && argModes[i].equals("o")) {
          columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.procedureColumnOut;
        } else if (argModes != null && argModes[i].equals("b")) {
          columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.procedureColumnInOut;
        } else if (argModes != null && argModes[i].equals("t")) {
          columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.procedureColumnReturn;
        }

        tuple[4] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(columnMode));

        int argOid;
        if (allArgTypes != null) {
          argOid = allArgTypes[i].intValue();
        } else {
          argOid = argTypes.get(i).intValue();
        }

        tuple[5] =
            connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(
                castNonNull(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(argOid))));
        tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(argOid));
        tuple[7] = null;
        tuple[8] = null;
        tuple[9] = null;
        tuple[10] = null;
        tuple[11] =
            connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(DatabaseMetaData.procedureNullableUnknown));
        tuple[12] = null;
        tuple[17] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(i + 1));
        tuple[18] = isnullableUnknown;
        tuple[19] = specificName;

        v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
      }

      // if we are returning a multi-column result.
      if ("c".equals(returnTypeType) || ("p".equals(returnTypeType) && argModesArray != null)) {
        String columnsql = "SELECT a.attname,a.atttypid FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a "
                           + " WHERE a.attrelid = " + returnTypeRelid
                           + " AND NOT a.attisdropped AND a.attnum > 0 ORDER BY a.attnum ";
        Statement columnstmt = connection.createStatement();
        ResultSet columnrs = columnstmt.executeQuery(columnsql);
        while (columnrs.next()) {
          int columnTypeOid = (int) columnrs.getLong("atttypid");
          byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[columns][];
          tuple[0] = null;
          tuple[1] = schema;
          tuple[2] = procedureName;
          tuple[3] = columnrs.getBytes("attname");
          tuple[4] = connection
              .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.procedureColumnResult));
          tuple[5] = connection
              .encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(columnTypeOid)));
          tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(columnTypeOid));
          tuple[7] = null;
          tuple[8] = null;
          tuple[9] = null;
          tuple[10] = null;
          tuple[11] = connection
              .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.procedureNullableUnknown));
          tuple[12] = null;
          tuple[17] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(0));
          tuple[18] = isnullableUnknown;
          tuple[19] = specificName;

          v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
        }
        columnrs.close();
        columnstmt.close();
      }
    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getTables(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String tableNamePattern, String @Nullable [] types) throws SQLException {
    String select;
    String orderby;
    String useSchemas = "SCHEMAS";
    select = "SELECT NULL AS TABLE_CAT, n.nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, c.relname AS TABLE_NAME, "
             + " CASE n.nspname ~ '^pg_' OR n.nspname = 'information_schema' "
             + " WHEN true THEN CASE "
             + " WHEN n.nspname = 'pg_catalog' OR n.nspname = 'information_schema' THEN CASE c.relkind "
             + "  WHEN 'r' THEN 'SYSTEM TABLE' "
             + "  WHEN 'v' THEN 'SYSTEM VIEW' "
             + "  WHEN 'i' THEN 'SYSTEM INDEX' "
             + "  ELSE NULL "
             + "  END "
             + " WHEN n.nspname = 'pg_toast' THEN CASE c.relkind "
             + "  WHEN 'r' THEN 'SYSTEM TOAST TABLE' "
             + "  WHEN 'i' THEN 'SYSTEM TOAST INDEX' "
             + "  ELSE NULL "
             + "  END "
             + " ELSE CASE c.relkind "
             + "  WHEN 'r' THEN 'TEMPORARY TABLE' "
             + "  WHEN 'p' THEN 'TEMPORARY TABLE' "
             + "  WHEN 'i' THEN 'TEMPORARY INDEX' "
             + "  WHEN 'S' THEN 'TEMPORARY SEQUENCE' "
             + "  WHEN 'v' THEN 'TEMPORARY VIEW' "
             + "  ELSE NULL "
             + "  END "
             + " END "
             + " WHEN false THEN CASE c.relkind "
             + " WHEN 'r' THEN 'TABLE' "
             + " WHEN 'p' THEN 'PARTITIONED TABLE' "
             + " WHEN 'i' THEN 'INDEX' "
             + " WHEN 'P' then 'PARTITIONED INDEX' "
             + " WHEN 'S' THEN 'SEQUENCE' "
             + " WHEN 'v' THEN 'VIEW' "
             + " WHEN 'c' THEN 'TYPE' "
             + " WHEN 'f' THEN 'FOREIGN TABLE' "
             + " WHEN 'm' THEN 'MATERIALIZED VIEW' "
             + " ELSE NULL "
             + " END "
             + " ELSE NULL "
             + " END "
             + " AS TABLE_TYPE, d.description AS REMARKS, "
             + " '' as TYPE_CAT, '' as TYPE_SCHEM, '' as TYPE_NAME, "
             + "'' AS SELF_REFERENCING_COL_NAME, '' AS REF_GENERATION "
             + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_class c "
             + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_description d ON (c.oid = d.objoid AND d.objsubid = 0  and d.classoid = 'pg_class'::regclass) "
             + " WHERE c.relnamespace = n.oid ";

    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      select += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (connection.getHideUnprivilegedObjects()) {
      select += " AND has_table_privilege(c.oid, "
        + " 'SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, RULE, REFERENCES, TRIGGER')";
    }
    orderby = " ORDER BY TABLE_TYPE,TABLE_SCHEM,TABLE_NAME ";

    if (tableNamePattern != null && !tableNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      select += " AND c.relname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(tableNamePattern);
    }
    if (types != null) {
      select += " AND (false ";
      StringBuilder orclause = new StringBuilder();
      for (String type : types) {
        Map<String, String> clauses = tableTypeClauses.get(type);
        if (clauses != null) {
          String clause = clauses.get(useSchemas);
          orclause.append(" OR ( ").append(clause).append(" ) ");
        }
      }
      select += orclause.toString() + ") ";
    }
    String sql = select + orderby;

    return ((PgResultSet)createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql)).upperCaseFieldLabels();
  }

  private static final Map<String, Map<String, String>> tableTypeClauses;

  static {
    tableTypeClauses = new HashMap<String, Map<String, String>>();
    Map<String, String> ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("TABLE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'r' AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_' AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'r' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("PARTITIONED TABLE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'p' AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_' AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'p' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("VIEW", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'v' AND n.nspname <> 'pg_catalog' AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'v' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("INDEX", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'i' AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_' AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'i' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("PARTITIONED INDEX", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'I' AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_' AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'I' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("SEQUENCE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'S'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'S'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("TYPE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'c' AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_' AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'c' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("SYSTEM TABLE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'r' AND (n.nspname = 'pg_catalog' OR n.nspname = 'information_schema')");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'r' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_toast_' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_temp_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("SYSTEM TOAST TABLE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'r' AND n.nspname = 'pg_toast'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'r' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_toast_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("SYSTEM TOAST INDEX", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'i' AND n.nspname = 'pg_toast'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'i' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_toast_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("SYSTEM VIEW", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'v' AND (n.nspname = 'pg_catalog' OR n.nspname = 'information_schema') ");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'v' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("SYSTEM INDEX", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'i' AND (n.nspname = 'pg_catalog' OR n.nspname = 'information_schema') ");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS",
        "c.relkind = 'v' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_toast_' AND c.relname !~ '^pg_temp_'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("TEMPORARY TABLE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind IN ('r','p') AND n.nspname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind IN ('r','p') AND c.relname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("TEMPORARY INDEX", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'i' AND n.nspname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'i' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("TEMPORARY VIEW", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'v' AND n.nspname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'v' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("TEMPORARY SEQUENCE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'S' AND n.nspname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'S' AND c.relname ~ '^pg_temp_' ");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("FOREIGN TABLE", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'f'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'f'");
    ht = new HashMap<String, String>();
    tableTypeClauses.put("MATERIALIZED VIEW", ht);
    ht.put("SCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'm'");
    ht.put("NOSCHEMAS", "c.relkind = 'm'");
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getSchemas() throws SQLException {
    return getSchemas(null, null);
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getSchemas(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern)
      throws SQLException {
    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, NULL AS TABLE_CATALOG FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace "
          + " WHERE nspname <> 'pg_toast' AND (nspname !~ '^pg_temp_' "
          + " OR nspname = (pg_catalog.current_schemas(true))[1]) AND (nspname !~ '^pg_toast_temp_' "
          + " OR nspname = replace((pg_catalog.current_schemas(true))[1], 'pg_temp_', 'pg_toast_temp_')) ";
    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (connection.getHideUnprivilegedObjects()) {
      sql += " AND has_schema_privilege(nspname, 'USAGE, CREATE')";
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEM";

    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  /**
   * PostgreSQL does not support multiple catalogs from a single connection, so to reduce confusion
   * we only return the current catalog. {@inheritDoc}
   */
  @Override
  public ResultSet getCatalogs() throws SQLException {
    Field[] f = new Field[1];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>();
    f[0] = new Field("TABLE_CAT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[1][];
    tuple[0] = connection.encodeString(connection.getCatalog());
    v.add(new Tuple(tuple));

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getTableTypes() throws SQLException {
    String[] types = tableTypeClauses.keySet().toArray(new String[0]);
    Arrays.sort(types);

    Field[] f = new Field[1];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>();
    f[0] = new Field("TABLE_TYPE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    for (String type : types) {
      byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[1][];
      tuple[0] = connection.encodeString(type);
      v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
    }

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  public ResultSet getColumns(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String tableNamePattern,
      @Nullable String columnNamePattern) throws SQLException {

    int numberOfFields = 24; // JDBC4
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>(); // The new ResultSet tuple stuff
    Field[] f = new Field[numberOfFields]; // The field descriptors for the new ResultSet

    f[0] = new Field("TABLE_CAT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("TABLE_SCHEM", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("TABLE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[3] = new Field("COLUMN_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[5] = new Field("TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[6] = new Field("COLUMN_SIZE", Oid.INT4);
    f[7] = new Field("BUFFER_LENGTH", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[8] = new Field("DECIMAL_DIGITS", Oid.INT4);
    f[9] = new Field("NUM_PREC_RADIX", Oid.INT4);
    f[10] = new Field("NULLABLE", Oid.INT4);
    f[11] = new Field("REMARKS", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[12] = new Field("COLUMN_DEF", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[13] = new Field("SQL_DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT4);
    f[14] = new Field("SQL_DATETIME_SUB", Oid.INT4);
    f[15] = new Field("CHAR_OCTET_LENGTH", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[16] = new Field("ORDINAL_POSITION", Oid.INT4);
    f[17] = new Field("IS_NULLABLE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[18] = new Field("SCOPE_CATALOG", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[19] = new Field("SCOPE_SCHEMA", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[20] = new Field("SCOPE_TABLE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[21] = new Field("SOURCE_DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[22] = new Field("IS_AUTOINCREMENT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[23] = new Field( "IS_GENERATEDCOLUMN", Oid.VARCHAR);

    String sql;
    // a.attnum isn't decremented when preceding columns are dropped,
    // so the only way to calculate the correct column number is with
    // window functions, new in 8.4.
    //
    // We want to push as much predicate information below the window
    // function as possible (schema/table names), but must leave
    // column name outside so we correctly count the other columns.
    //
    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4)) {
      sql = "SELECT * FROM (";
    } else {
      sql = "";
    }

    sql += "SELECT n.nspname,c.relname,a.attname,a.atttypid,a.attnotnull "
           + "OR (t.typtype = 'd' AND t.typnotnull) AS attnotnull,a.atttypmod,a.attlen,t.typtypmod,";

    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4)) {
      sql += "row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY a.attrelid ORDER BY a.attnum) AS attnum, ";
    } else {
      sql += "a.attnum,";
    }

    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v10)) {
      sql += "nullif(a.attidentity, '') as attidentity,";
    } else {
      sql += "null as attidentity,";
    }

    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v12)) {
      sql += "nullif(a.attgenerated, '') as attgenerated,";
    } else {
      sql += "null as attgenerated,";
    }

    sql += "pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(def.adbin, def.adrelid) AS adsrc,dsc.description,t.typbasetype,t.typtype "
           + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n "
           + " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class c ON (c.relnamespace = n.oid) "
           + " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attribute a ON (a.attrelid=c.oid) "
           + " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_type t ON (a.atttypid = t.oid) "
           + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attrdef def ON (a.attrelid=def.adrelid AND a.attnum = def.adnum) "
           + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_description dsc ON (c.oid=dsc.objoid AND a.attnum = dsc.objsubid) "
           + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class dc ON (dc.oid=dsc.classoid AND dc.relname='pg_class') "
           + " LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace dn ON (dc.relnamespace=dn.oid AND dn.nspname='pg_catalog') "
           + " WHERE c.relkind in ('r','p','v','f','m') and a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped ";

    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (tableNamePattern != null && !tableNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND c.relname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(tableNamePattern);
    }
    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4)) {
      sql += ") c WHERE true ";
    }
    if (columnNamePattern != null && !columnNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND attname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(columnNamePattern);
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY nspname,c.relname,attnum ";

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[numberOfFields][];
      int typeOid = (int) rs.getLong("atttypid");
      int typeMod = rs.getInt("atttypmod");

      tuple[0] = null; // Catalog name, not supported
      tuple[1] = rs.getBytes("nspname"); // Schema
      tuple[2] = rs.getBytes("relname"); // Table name
      tuple[3] = rs.getBytes("attname"); // Column name

      String typtype = rs.getString("typtype");
      int sqlType;
      if ("c".equals(typtype)) {
        sqlType = Types.STRUCT;
      } else if ("d".equals(typtype)) {
        sqlType = Types.DISTINCT;
      } else if ("e".equals(typtype)) {
        sqlType = Types.VARCHAR;
      } else {
        sqlType = connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(typeOid);
      }

      tuple[4] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(sqlType));
      String pgType = connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(typeOid);
      tuple[5] = connection.encodeString(pgType); // Type name
      tuple[7] = null; // Buffer length

      String defval = rs.getString("adsrc");

      if (defval != null && defval.contains("nextval(") ) {
        if ("int4".equals(pgType)) {
          tuple[5] = connection.encodeString("serial"); // Type name == serial
        } else if ("int8".equals(pgType)) {
          tuple[5] = connection.encodeString("bigserial"); // Type name == bigserial
        } else if ("int2".equals(pgType) && connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_2)) {
          tuple[5] = connection.encodeString("smallserial"); // Type name == smallserial
        }
      }
      String identity = rs.getString("attidentity");

      String generated = rs.getString("attgenerated");

      int baseTypeOid = (int) rs.getLong("typbasetype");

      int decimalDigits;
      int columnSize;

      /* this is really a DOMAIN type not sure where DISTINCT came from */
      if ( sqlType == Types.DISTINCT ) {
        /*
        From the docs if typtypmod is -1
         */
        int typtypmod = rs.getInt("typtypmod");
        decimalDigits = connection.getTypeInfo().getScale(baseTypeOid, typeMod);
        /*
        From the postgres docs:
        Domains use typtypmod to record the typmod to be applied to their
        base type (-1 if base type does not use a typmod). -1 if this type is not a domain.
        if it is -1 then get the precision from the basetype. This doesn't help if the basetype is
        a domain, but for actual types this will return the correct value.
         */
        if ( typtypmod == -1 ) {
          columnSize = connection.getTypeInfo().getPrecision(baseTypeOid, typeMod);
        } else if (baseTypeOid == Oid.NUMERIC ) {
          decimalDigits = connection.getTypeInfo().getScale(baseTypeOid, typtypmod);
          columnSize = connection.getTypeInfo().getPrecision(baseTypeOid, typtypmod);
        } else {
          columnSize = typtypmod;
        }
      } else {
        decimalDigits = connection.getTypeInfo().getScale(typeOid, typeMod);
        columnSize = connection.getTypeInfo().getPrecision(typeOid, typeMod);
        if ( sqlType != Types.NUMERIC && columnSize == 0 ) {
          columnSize = connection.getTypeInfo().getDisplaySize(typeOid, typeMod);
        }
      }
      tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(columnSize));
      // Give null for an unset scale on Decimal and Numeric columns
      if (((sqlType == Types.NUMERIC) || (sqlType == Types.DECIMAL)) && (typeMod == -1)) {
        tuple[8] = null;
      } else {
        tuple[8] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(decimalDigits));
      }

      // Everything is base 10 unless we override later.
      tuple[9] = connection.encodeString("10");

      if ("bit".equals(pgType) || "varbit".equals(pgType)) {
        tuple[9] = connection.encodeString("2");
      }

      tuple[10] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(rs.getBoolean("attnotnull")
          ? java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.columnNoNulls : java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.columnNullable)); // Nullable
      tuple[11] = rs.getBytes("description"); // Description (if any)
      tuple[12] = rs.getBytes("adsrc"); // Column default
      tuple[13] = null; // sql data type (unused)
      tuple[14] = null; // sql datetime sub (unused)
      tuple[15] = tuple[6]; // char octet length
      tuple[16] = connection.encodeString(String.valueOf(rs.getInt("attnum"))); // ordinal position
      // Is nullable
      tuple[17] = connection.encodeString(rs.getBoolean("attnotnull") ? "NO" : "YES");

      tuple[18] = null; // SCOPE_CATLOG
      tuple[19] = null; // SCOPE_SCHEMA
      tuple[20] = null; // SCOPE_TABLE
      tuple[21] = baseTypeOid == 0 // SOURCE_DATA_TYPE
                  ? null
                  : connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(baseTypeOid)));

      String autoinc = "NO";
      if (defval != null && defval.contains("nextval(") || identity != null) {
        autoinc = "YES";
      }
      tuple[22] = connection.encodeString(autoinc); // IS_AUTOINCREMENT

      String generatedcolumn = "NO";
      if (generated != null) {
        generatedcolumn = "YES";
      }
      tuple[23] = connection.encodeString(generatedcolumn); // IS_GENERATEDCOLUMN

      v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getColumnPrivileges(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema,
      String table, @Nullable String columnNamePattern) throws SQLException {
    Field[] f = new Field[8];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>();

    f[0] = new Field("TABLE_CAT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("TABLE_SCHEM", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("TABLE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[3] = new Field("COLUMN_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("GRANTOR", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[5] = new Field("GRANTEE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[6] = new Field("PRIVILEGE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[7] = new Field("IS_GRANTABLE", Oid.VARCHAR);

    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT n.nspname,c.relname,r.rolname,c.relacl, "
          + (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4) ? "a.attacl, " : "")
          + " a.attname "
          + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_class c, "
          + " pg_catalog.pg_roles r, pg_catalog.pg_attribute a "
          + " WHERE c.relnamespace = n.oid "
          + " AND c.relowner = r.oid "
          + " AND c.oid = a.attrelid "
          + " AND c.relkind = 'r' "
          + " AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped ";

    if (schema != null && !schema.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(schema);
    }
    if (table != null && !table.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND c.relname = " + escapeQuotes(table);
    }
    if (columnNamePattern != null && !columnNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND a.attname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(columnNamePattern);
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY attname ";

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] schemaName = rs.getBytes("nspname");
      byte[] tableName = rs.getBytes("relname");
      byte[] column = rs.getBytes("attname");
      String owner = castNonNull(rs.getString("rolname"));
      String relAcl = rs.getString("relacl");

      // For instance: SELECT -> user1 -> list of [grantor, grantable]
      Map<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>> permissions = parseACL(relAcl, owner);

      if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4)) {
        String acl = rs.getString("attacl");
        Map<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>> relPermissions = parseACL(acl, owner);
        permissions.putAll(relPermissions);
      }
      @KeyFor("permissions") String[] permNames = permissions.keySet().toArray(new String[0]);
      Arrays.sort(permNames);
      for (String permName : permNames) {
        byte[] privilege = connection.encodeString(permName);
        Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>> grantees = permissions.get(permName);
        for (Map.Entry<String, List<@Nullable String[]>> userToGrantable : grantees.entrySet()) {
          List<@Nullable String[]> grantor = userToGrantable.getValue();
          String grantee = userToGrantable.getKey();
          for (@Nullable String[] grants : grantor) {
            String grantable = owner.equals(grantee) ? "YES" : grants[1];
            byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[8][];
            tuple[0] = null;
            tuple[1] = schemaName;
            tuple[2] = tableName;
            tuple[3] = column;
            tuple[4] = connection.encodeString(grants[0]);
            tuple[5] = connection.encodeString(grantee);
            tuple[6] = privilege;
            tuple[7] = connection.encodeString(grantable);
            v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
          }
        }
      }
    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getTablePrivileges(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String tableNamePattern) throws SQLException {
    Field[] f = new Field[7];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>();

    f[0] = new Field("TABLE_CAT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("TABLE_SCHEM", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("TABLE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[3] = new Field("GRANTOR", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("GRANTEE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[5] = new Field("PRIVILEGE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[6] = new Field("IS_GRANTABLE", Oid.VARCHAR);

    String sql;
    // r = ordinary table, p = partitioned table, v = view, m = materialized view, f = foreign table
    sql = "SELECT n.nspname,c.relname,r.rolname,c.relacl "
          + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_class c, pg_catalog.pg_roles r "
          + " WHERE c.relnamespace = n.oid "
          + " AND c.relowner = r.oid "
          + " AND c.relkind IN ('r','p','v','m','f') ";

    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }

    if (tableNamePattern != null && !tableNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND c.relname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(tableNamePattern);
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY nspname, relname ";

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] schema = rs.getBytes("nspname");
      byte[] table = rs.getBytes("relname");
      String owner = castNonNull(rs.getString("rolname"));
      String acl = rs.getString("relacl");
      Map<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>> permissions = parseACL(acl, owner);
      @KeyFor("permissions") String[] permNames = permissions.keySet().toArray(new String[0]);
      Arrays.sort(permNames);
      for (String permName : permNames) {
        byte[] privilege = connection.encodeString(permName);
        Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>> grantees = permissions.get(permName);
        for (Map.Entry<String, List<@Nullable String[]>> userToGrantable : grantees.entrySet()) {
          List<@Nullable String[]> grants = userToGrantable.getValue();
          String granteeUser = userToGrantable.getKey();
          for (@Nullable String[] grantTuple : grants) {
            // report the owner as grantor if it's missing
            String grantor = grantTuple[0] == null ? owner : grantTuple[0];
            // owner always has grant privileges
            String grantable = owner.equals(granteeUser) ? "YES" : grantTuple[1];
            byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[7][];
            tuple[0] = null;
            tuple[1] = schema;
            tuple[2] = table;
            tuple[3] = connection.encodeString(grantor);
            tuple[4] = connection.encodeString(granteeUser);
            tuple[5] = privilege;
            tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(grantable);
            v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
          }
        }
      }
    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  /**
   * Parse an String of ACLs into a List of ACLs.
   */
  private static List<String> parseACLArray(String aclString) {
    List<String> acls = new ArrayList<String>();
    if (aclString == null || aclString.isEmpty()) {
      return acls;
    }
    boolean inQuotes = false;
    // start at 1 because of leading "{"
    int beginIndex = 1;
    char prevChar = ' ';
    for (int i = beginIndex; i < aclString.length(); i++) {

      char c = aclString.charAt(i);
      if (c == '"' && prevChar != '\\') {
        inQuotes = !inQuotes;
      } else if (c == ',' && !inQuotes) {
        acls.add(aclString.substring(beginIndex, i));
        beginIndex = i + 1;
      }
      prevChar = c;
    }
    // add last element removing the trailing "}"
    acls.add(aclString.substring(beginIndex, aclString.length() - 1));

    // Strip out enclosing quotes, if any.
    for (int i = 0; i < acls.size(); i++) {
      String acl = acls.get(i);
      if (acl.startsWith("\"") && acl.endsWith("\"")) {
        acl = acl.substring(1, acl.length() - 1);
        acls.set(i, acl);
      }
    }
    return acls;
  }

  /**
   * Add the user described by the given acl to the Lists of users with the privileges described by
   * the acl.
   */
  private static void addACLPrivileges(String acl,
      Map<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>> privileges) {
    int equalIndex = acl.lastIndexOf("=");
    int slashIndex = acl.lastIndexOf("/");
    if (equalIndex == -1) {
      return;
    }

    String user = acl.substring(0, equalIndex);
    String grantor = null;
    if (user.isEmpty()) {
      user = "PUBLIC";
    }
    String privs;
    if (slashIndex != -1) {
      privs = acl.substring(equalIndex + 1, slashIndex);
      grantor = acl.substring(slashIndex + 1, acl.length());
    } else {
      privs = acl.substring(equalIndex + 1, acl.length());
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < privs.length(); i++) {
      char c = privs.charAt(i);
      if (c != '*') {
        String sqlpriv;
        String grantable;
        if (i < privs.length() - 1 && privs.charAt(i + 1) == '*') {
          grantable = "YES";
        } else {
          grantable = "NO";
        }
        switch (c) {
          case 'a':
            sqlpriv = "INSERT";
            break;
          case 'r':
          case 'p':
            sqlpriv = "SELECT";
            break;
          case 'w':
            sqlpriv = "UPDATE";
            break;
          case 'd':
            sqlpriv = "DELETE";
            break;
          case 'D':
            sqlpriv = "TRUNCATE";
            break;
          case 'R':
            sqlpriv = "RULE";
            break;
          case 'x':
            sqlpriv = "REFERENCES";
            break;
          case 't':
            sqlpriv = "TRIGGER";
            break;
          // the following can't be granted to a table, but
          // we'll keep them for completeness.
          case 'X':
            sqlpriv = "EXECUTE";
            break;
          case 'U':
            sqlpriv = "USAGE";
            break;
          case 'C':
            sqlpriv = "CREATE";
            break;
          case 'T':
            sqlpriv = "CREATE TEMP";
            break;
          default:
            sqlpriv = "UNKNOWN";
        }

        Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>> usersWithPermission = privileges.get(sqlpriv);
        //noinspection Java8MapApi
        if (usersWithPermission == null) {
          usersWithPermission = new HashMap<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>();
          privileges.put(sqlpriv, usersWithPermission);
        }

        List<@Nullable String[]> permissionByGrantor = usersWithPermission.get(user);
        //noinspection Java8MapApi
        if (permissionByGrantor == null) {
          permissionByGrantor = new ArrayList<@Nullable String[]>();
          usersWithPermission.put(user, permissionByGrantor);
        }

        @Nullable String[] grant = {grantor, grantable};
        permissionByGrantor.add(grant);
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Take the a String representing an array of ACLs and return a Map mapping the SQL permission
   * name to a List of usernames who have that permission.
   * For instance: {@code SELECT -> user1 -> list of [grantor, grantable]}
   *
   * @param aclArray ACL array
   * @param owner owner
   * @return a Map mapping the SQL permission name
   */
  public Map<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>> parseACL(@Nullable String aclArray,
      String owner) {
    if (aclArray == null) {
      // arwdxt -- 8.2 Removed the separate RULE permission
      // arwdDxt -- 8.4 Added a separate TRUNCATE permission
      String perms = connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4) ? "arwdDxt" : "arwdxt";

      aclArray = "{" + owner + "=" + perms + "/" + owner + "}";
    }

    List<String> acls = parseACLArray(aclArray);
    Map<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>> privileges =
        new HashMap<String, Map<String, List<@Nullable String[]>>>();
    for (String acl : acls) {
      addACLPrivileges(acl, privileges);
    }
    return privileges;
  }

  public ResultSet getBestRowIdentifier(
      @Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String table,
      int scope, boolean nullable) throws SQLException {
    Field[] f = new Field[8];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>(); // The new ResultSet tuple stuff

    f[0] = new Field("SCOPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[1] = new Field("COLUMN_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[3] = new Field("TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("COLUMN_SIZE", Oid.INT4);
    f[5] = new Field("BUFFER_LENGTH", Oid.INT4);
    f[6] = new Field("DECIMAL_DIGITS", Oid.INT2);
    f[7] = new Field("PSEUDO_COLUMN", Oid.INT2);

    /*
     * At the moment this simply returns a table's primary key, if there is one. I believe other
     * unique indexes, ctid, and oid should also be considered. -KJ
     */

    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT a.attname, a.atttypid, atttypmod "
          + "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class ct "
          + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attribute a ON (ct.oid = a.attrelid) "
          + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON (ct.relnamespace = n.oid) "
          + "  JOIN (SELECT i.indexrelid, i.indrelid, i.indisprimary, "
          + "             information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey) AS keys "
          + "        FROM pg_catalog.pg_index i) i "
          + "    ON (a.attnum = (i.keys).x AND a.attrelid = i.indrelid) "
          + "WHERE true ";

    if (schema != null && !schema.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(schema);
    }

    sql += " AND ct.relname = " + escapeQuotes(table)
        + " AND i.indisprimary "
        + " ORDER BY a.attnum ";

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[8][];
      int typeOid = (int) rs.getLong("atttypid");
      int sqlType = connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(typeOid);
      int typeMod = rs.getInt("atttypmod");
      int decimalDigits = connection.getTypeInfo().getScale(typeOid, typeMod);
      int columnSize = connection.getTypeInfo().getPrecision(typeOid, typeMod);
      if ( sqlType != Types.NUMERIC && columnSize == 0) {
        columnSize = connection.getTypeInfo().getDisplaySize(typeOid, typeMod);
      }
      tuple[0] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(scope));
      tuple[1] = rs.getBytes("attname");
      tuple[2] =
          connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(sqlType));
      tuple[3] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(typeOid));
      tuple[4] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(columnSize));
      tuple[5] = null; // unused
      tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(decimalDigits));
      tuple[7] =
          connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.bestRowNotPseudo));
      v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  public ResultSet getVersionColumns(
      @Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String table)
      throws SQLException {
    Field[] f = new Field[8];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>(); // The new ResultSet tuple stuff

    f[0] = new Field("SCOPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[1] = new Field("COLUMN_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[3] = new Field("TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("COLUMN_SIZE", Oid.INT4);
    f[5] = new Field("BUFFER_LENGTH", Oid.INT4);
    f[6] = new Field("DECIMAL_DIGITS", Oid.INT2);
    f[7] = new Field("PSEUDO_COLUMN", Oid.INT2);

    byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[8][];

    /*
     * Postgresql does not have any column types that are automatically updated like some databases'
     * timestamp type. We can't tell what rules or triggers might be doing, so we are left with the
     * system columns that change on an update. An update may change all of the following system
     * columns: ctid, xmax, xmin, cmax, and cmin. Depending on if we are in a transaction and
     * whether we roll it back or not the only guaranteed change is to ctid. -KJ
     */

    tuple[0] = null;
    tuple[1] = connection.encodeString("ctid");
    tuple[2] =
        connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType("tid")));
    tuple[3] = connection.encodeString("tid");
    tuple[4] = null;
    tuple[5] = null;
    tuple[6] = null;
    tuple[7] =
        connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.versionColumnPseudo));
    v.add(new Tuple(tuple));

    /*
     * Perhaps we should check that the given catalog.schema.table actually exists. -KJ
     */
    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  public ResultSet getPrimaryKeys(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String table)
      throws SQLException {
    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT NULL AS TABLE_CAT, n.nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, "
          + "  ct.relname AS TABLE_NAME, a.attname AS COLUMN_NAME, "
          + "  (information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey)).n AS KEY_SEQ, ci.relname AS PK_NAME, "
          + "  information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey) AS KEYS, a.attnum AS A_ATTNUM "
          + "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class ct "
          + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attribute a ON (ct.oid = a.attrelid) "
          + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON (ct.relnamespace = n.oid) "
          + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_index i ON ( a.attrelid = i.indrelid) "
          + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class ci ON (ci.oid = i.indexrelid) "
          + "WHERE true ";

    if (schema != null && !schema.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(schema);
    }

    if (table != null && !table.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND ct.relname = " + escapeQuotes(table);
    }

    sql += " AND i.indisprimary ";
    sql = "SELECT "
            + "       result.TABLE_CAT, "
            + "       result.TABLE_SCHEM, "
            + "       result.TABLE_NAME, "
            + "       result.COLUMN_NAME, "
            + "       result.KEY_SEQ, "
            + "       result.PK_NAME "
            + "FROM "
            + "     (" + sql + " ) result"
            + " where "
            + " result.A_ATTNUM = (result.KEYS).x ";
    sql += " ORDER BY result.table_name, result.pk_name, result.key_seq";

    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  /*
  This is for internal use only to see if a resultset is updateable.
  Unique keys can also be used so we add them to the query.
   */
  protected ResultSet getPrimaryUniqueKeys(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String table)
      throws SQLException {
    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT NULL AS TABLE_CAT, n.nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, "
        + "  ct.relname AS TABLE_NAME, a.attname AS COLUMN_NAME, "
        + "  (information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey)).n AS KEY_SEQ, ci.relname AS PK_NAME, "
        + "  information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey) AS KEYS, a.attnum AS A_ATTNUM, "
        + "  a.attnotnull AS IS_NOT_NULL "
        + "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class ct "
        + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_attribute a ON (ct.oid = a.attrelid) "
        + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON (ct.relnamespace = n.oid) "
        + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_index i ON ( a.attrelid = i.indrelid) "
        + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class ci ON (ci.oid = i.indexrelid) "
        // primary as well as unique keys can be used to uniquely identify a row to update
        + "WHERE (i.indisprimary OR ( "
        + "    i.indisunique "
        + "    AND i.indisvalid "
        // partial indexes are not allowed - indpred will not be null if this is a partial index
        + "    AND i.indpred IS NULL "
        // indexes with expressions are not allowed
        + "    AND i.indexprs IS NULL "
        + "  )) ";

    if (schema != null && !schema.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(schema);
    }

    if (table != null && !table.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND ct.relname = " + escapeQuotes(table);
    }

    sql = "SELECT "
        + "       result.TABLE_CAT, "
        + "       result.TABLE_SCHEM, "
        + "       result.TABLE_NAME, "
        + "       result.COLUMN_NAME, "
        + "       result.KEY_SEQ, "
        + "       result.PK_NAME, "
        + "       result.IS_NOT_NULL "
        + "FROM "
        + "     (" + sql + " ) result"
        + " where "
        + " result.A_ATTNUM = (result.KEYS).x ";
    sql += " ORDER BY result.table_name, result.pk_name, result.key_seq";

    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  /**
   * @param primaryCatalog primary catalog
   * @param primarySchema primary schema
   * @param primaryTable if provided will get the keys exported by this table
   * @param foreignCatalog foreign catalog
   * @param foreignSchema foreign schema
   * @param foreignTable if provided will get the keys imported by this table
   * @return ResultSet
   * @throws SQLException if something wrong happens
   */
  protected ResultSet getImportedExportedKeys(
      @Nullable String primaryCatalog, @Nullable String primarySchema, @Nullable String primaryTable,
      @Nullable String foreignCatalog, @Nullable String foreignSchema, @Nullable String foreignTable)
          throws SQLException {

    /*
     * The addition of the pg_constraint in 7.3 table should have really helped us out here, but it
     * comes up just a bit short. - The conkey, confkey columns aren't really useful without
     * contrib/array unless we want to issues separate queries. - Unique indexes that can support
     * foreign keys are not necessarily added to pg_constraint. Also multiple unique indexes
     * covering the same keys can be created which make it difficult to determine the PK_NAME field.
     */

    String sql =
        "SELECT NULL::text AS PKTABLE_CAT, pkn.nspname AS PKTABLE_SCHEM, pkc.relname AS PKTABLE_NAME, pka.attname AS PKCOLUMN_NAME, "
            + "NULL::text AS FKTABLE_CAT, fkn.nspname AS FKTABLE_SCHEM, fkc.relname AS FKTABLE_NAME, fka.attname AS FKCOLUMN_NAME, "
            + "pos.n AS KEY_SEQ, "
            + "CASE con.confupdtype "
            + " WHEN 'c' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyCascade
            + " WHEN 'n' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeySetNull
            + " WHEN 'd' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeySetDefault
            + " WHEN 'r' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyRestrict
            + " WHEN 'p' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyRestrict
            + " WHEN 'a' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyNoAction
            + " ELSE NULL END AS UPDATE_RULE, "
            + "CASE con.confdeltype "
            + " WHEN 'c' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyCascade
            + " WHEN 'n' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeySetNull
            + " WHEN 'd' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeySetDefault
            + " WHEN 'r' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyRestrict
            + " WHEN 'p' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyRestrict
            + " WHEN 'a' THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyNoAction
            + " ELSE NULL END AS DELETE_RULE, "
            + "con.conname AS FK_NAME, pkic.relname AS PK_NAME, "
            + "CASE "
            + " WHEN con.condeferrable AND con.condeferred THEN "
            + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyInitiallyDeferred
            + " WHEN con.condeferrable THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyInitiallyImmediate
            + " ELSE " + DatabaseMetaData.importedKeyNotDeferrable
            + " END AS DEFERRABILITY "
            + " FROM "
            + " pg_catalog.pg_namespace pkn, pg_catalog.pg_class pkc, pg_catalog.pg_attribute pka, "
            + " pg_catalog.pg_namespace fkn, pg_catalog.pg_class fkc, pg_catalog.pg_attribute fka, "
            + " pg_catalog.pg_constraint con, "
            + " pg_catalog.generate_series(1, " + getMaxIndexKeys() + ") pos(n), "
            + " pg_catalog.pg_class pkic";
    // Starting in Postgres 9.0, pg_constraint was augmented with the conindid column, which
    // contains the oid of the index supporting the constraint. This makes it unnecessary to do a
    // further join on pg_depend.
    if (!connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_0)) {
      sql += ", pg_catalog.pg_depend dep ";
    }
    sql +=
        " WHERE pkn.oid = pkc.relnamespace AND pkc.oid = pka.attrelid AND pka.attnum = con.confkey[pos.n] AND con.confrelid = pkc.oid "
            + " AND fkn.oid = fkc.relnamespace AND fkc.oid = fka.attrelid AND fka.attnum = con.conkey[pos.n] AND con.conrelid = fkc.oid "
            + " AND con.contype = 'f' ";
    /*
    In version 11 we added Partitioned indexes indicated by relkind = 'I'
    I could have done this using lower(relkind) = 'i' but chose to be explicit
    for clarity
    */

    if (!connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v11)) {
      sql += "AND pkic.relkind = 'i' ";
    } else {
      sql += "AND (pkic.relkind = 'i' OR pkic.relkind = 'I')";
    }

    if (!connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_0)) {
      sql += " AND con.oid = dep.objid AND pkic.oid = dep.refobjid AND dep.classid = 'pg_constraint'::regclass::oid AND dep.refclassid = 'pg_class'::regclass::oid ";
    } else {
      sql += " AND pkic.oid = con.conindid ";
    }

    if (primarySchema != null && !primarySchema.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND pkn.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(primarySchema);
    }
    if (foreignSchema != null && !foreignSchema.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND fkn.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(foreignSchema);
    }
    if (primaryTable != null && !primaryTable.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND pkc.relname = " + escapeQuotes(primaryTable);
    }
    if (foreignTable != null && !foreignTable.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND fkc.relname = " + escapeQuotes(foreignTable);
    }

    if (primaryTable != null) {
      sql += " ORDER BY fkn.nspname,fkc.relname,con.conname,pos.n";
    } else {
      sql += " ORDER BY pkn.nspname,pkc.relname, con.conname,pos.n";
    }

    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  public ResultSet getImportedKeys(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String table)
      throws SQLException {
    return getImportedExportedKeys(null, null, null, catalog, schema, table);
  }

  public ResultSet getExportedKeys(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String table)
      throws SQLException {
    return getImportedExportedKeys(catalog, schema, table, null, null, null);
  }

  public ResultSet getCrossReference(
      @Nullable String primaryCatalog, @Nullable String primarySchema, String primaryTable,
      @Nullable String foreignCatalog, @Nullable String foreignSchema, String foreignTable)
          throws SQLException {
    return getImportedExportedKeys(primaryCatalog, primarySchema, primaryTable, foreignCatalog,
        foreignSchema, foreignTable);
  }

  public ResultSet getTypeInfo() throws SQLException {

    Field[] f = new Field[18];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>(); // The new ResultSet tuple stuff

    f[0] = new Field("TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[2] = new Field("PRECISION", Oid.INT4);
    f[3] = new Field("LITERAL_PREFIX", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("LITERAL_SUFFIX", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[5] = new Field("CREATE_PARAMS", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[6] = new Field("NULLABLE", Oid.INT2);
    f[7] = new Field("CASE_SENSITIVE", Oid.BOOL);
    f[8] = new Field("SEARCHABLE", Oid.INT2);
    f[9] = new Field("UNSIGNED_ATTRIBUTE", Oid.BOOL);
    f[10] = new Field("FIXED_PREC_SCALE", Oid.BOOL);
    f[11] = new Field("AUTO_INCREMENT", Oid.BOOL);
    f[12] = new Field("LOCAL_TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[13] = new Field("MINIMUM_SCALE", Oid.INT2);
    f[14] = new Field("MAXIMUM_SCALE", Oid.INT2);
    f[15] = new Field("SQL_DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT4);
    f[16] = new Field("SQL_DATETIME_SUB", Oid.INT4);
    f[17] = new Field("NUM_PREC_RADIX", Oid.INT4);

    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT t.typname,t.oid FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t"
          + " JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON (t.typnamespace = n.oid) "
          + " WHERE n.nspname  != 'pg_toast'"
          + " AND "
          + " (t.typrelid = 0 OR (SELECT c.relkind = 'c' FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c WHERE c.oid = t.typrelid))";

    if (connection.getHideUnprivilegedObjects() && connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_2)) {
      sql += " AND has_type_privilege(t.oid, 'USAGE')";
    }

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    // cache some results, this will keep memory usage down, and speed
    // things up a little.
    byte[] bZero = connection.encodeString("0");
    byte[] b10 = connection.encodeString("10");
    byte[] bf = connection.encodeString("f");
    byte[] bt = connection.encodeString("t");
    byte[] bliteral = connection.encodeString("'");
    byte[] bNullable =
              connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.typeNullable));
    byte[] bSearchable =
              connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.typeSearchable));

    TypeInfo ti = connection.getTypeInfo();
    if (ti instanceof TypeInfoCache) {
      ((TypeInfoCache) ti).cacheSQLTypes();
    }

    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[19][];
      String typname = castNonNull(rs.getString(1));
      int typeOid = (int) rs.getLong(2);

      tuple[0] = connection.encodeString(typname);
      int sqlType = connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(typname);
      tuple[1] =
          connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(sqlType));

      /* this is just for sorting below, the result set never sees this */
      tuple[18] = BigInteger.valueOf(sqlType).toByteArray();

      tuple[2] = connection
          .encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getMaximumPrecision(typeOid)));

      // Using requiresQuoting(oid) would might trigger select statements that might fail with NPE
      // if oid in question is being dropped.
      // requiresQuotingSqlType is not bulletproof, however, it solves the most visible NPE.
      if (connection.getTypeInfo().requiresQuotingSqlType(sqlType)) {
        tuple[3] = bliteral;
        tuple[4] = bliteral;
      }

      tuple[6] = bNullable; // all types can be null
      tuple[7] = connection.getTypeInfo().isCaseSensitive(typeOid) ? bt : bf;
      tuple[8] = bSearchable; // any thing can be used in the WHERE clause
      tuple[9] = connection.getTypeInfo().isSigned(typeOid) ? bf : bt;
      tuple[10] = bf; // false for now - must handle money
      tuple[11] = bf; // false - it isn't autoincrement
      tuple[13] = bZero; // min scale is zero
      // only numeric can supports a scale.
      tuple[14] = (typeOid == Oid.NUMERIC) ? connection.encodeString("1000") : bZero;

      // 12 - LOCAL_TYPE_NAME is null
      // 15 & 16 are unused so we return null
      tuple[17] = b10; // everything is base 10
      v.add(new Tuple(tuple));

      // add pseudo-type serial, bigserial, smallserial
      if ("int4".equals(typname)) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple1 = tuple.clone();

        tuple1[0] = connection.encodeString("serial");
        tuple1[11] = bt;
        v.add(new Tuple(tuple1));
      } else if ("int8".equals(typname)) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple1 = tuple.clone();

        tuple1[0] = connection.encodeString("bigserial");
        tuple1[11] = bt;
        v.add(new Tuple(tuple1));
      } else if ("int2".equals(typname) && connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_2)) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple1 = tuple.clone();

        tuple1[0] = connection.encodeString("smallserial");
        tuple1[11] = bt;
        v.add(new Tuple(tuple1));
      }

    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    Collections.sort(v, new Comparator<Tuple>() {
      @Override
      public int compare(Tuple o1, Tuple o2) {
        int i1 = ByteConverter.bytesToInt(castNonNull(o1.get(18)));
        int i2 = ByteConverter.bytesToInt(castNonNull(o2.get(18)));
        return (i1 < i2) ? -1 : ((i1 == i2) ? 0 : 1);
      }
    });
    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  public ResultSet getIndexInfo(
      @Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schema, String tableName,
      boolean unique, boolean approximate) throws SQLException {
    /*
     * This is a complicated function because we have three possible situations: <= 7.2 no schemas,
     * single column functional index 7.3 schemas, single column functional index >= 7.4 schemas,
     * multi-column expressional index >= 8.3 supports ASC/DESC column info >= 9.0 no longer renames
     * index columns on a table column rename, so we must look at the table attribute names
     *
     * with the single column functional index we need an extra join to the table's pg_attribute
     * data to get the column the function operates on.
     */
    String sql;
    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_3)) {
      sql = "SELECT NULL AS TABLE_CAT, n.nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, "
            + "  ct.relname AS TABLE_NAME, NOT i.indisunique AS NON_UNIQUE, "
            + "  NULL AS INDEX_QUALIFIER, ci.relname AS INDEX_NAME, "
            + "  CASE i.indisclustered "
            + "    WHEN true THEN " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexClustered
            + "    ELSE CASE am.amname "
            + "      WHEN 'hash' THEN " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexHashed
            + "      ELSE " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexOther
            + "    END "
            + "  END AS TYPE, "
            + "  (information_schema._pg_expandarray(i.indkey)).n AS ORDINAL_POSITION, "
            + "  ci.reltuples AS CARDINALITY, "
            + "  ci.relpages AS PAGES, "
            + "  pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(i.indpred, i.indrelid) AS FILTER_CONDITION, "
            + "  ci.oid AS CI_OID, "
            + "  i.indoption AS I_INDOPTION, "
            + (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_6) ? "  am.amname AS AM_NAME " : "  am.amcanorder AS AM_CANORDER ")
            + "FROM pg_catalog.pg_class ct "
            + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON (ct.relnamespace = n.oid) "
            + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_index i ON (ct.oid = i.indrelid) "
            + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class ci ON (ci.oid = i.indexrelid) "
            + "  JOIN pg_catalog.pg_am am ON (ci.relam = am.oid) "
            + "WHERE true ";

      if (schema != null && !schema.isEmpty()) {
        sql += " AND n.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(schema);
      }

      sql += " AND ct.relname = " + escapeQuotes(tableName);

      if (unique) {
        sql += " AND i.indisunique ";
      }

      sql = "SELECT "
                + "    tmp.TABLE_CAT, "
                + "    tmp.TABLE_SCHEM, "
                + "    tmp.TABLE_NAME, "
                + "    tmp.NON_UNIQUE, "
                + "    tmp.INDEX_QUALIFIER, "
                + "    tmp.INDEX_NAME, "
                + "    tmp.TYPE, "
                + "    tmp.ORDINAL_POSITION, "
                + "    trim(both '\"' from pg_catalog.pg_get_indexdef(tmp.CI_OID, tmp.ORDINAL_POSITION, false)) AS COLUMN_NAME, "
                + (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_6)
                        ? "  CASE tmp.AM_NAME "
                        + "    WHEN 'btree' THEN CASE tmp.I_INDOPTION[tmp.ORDINAL_POSITION - 1] & 1::smallint "
                        + "      WHEN 1 THEN 'D' "
                        + "      ELSE 'A' "
                        + "    END "
                        + "    ELSE NULL "
                        + "  END AS ASC_OR_DESC, "
                        : "  CASE tmp.AM_CANORDER "
                        + "    WHEN true THEN CASE tmp.I_INDOPTION[tmp.ORDINAL_POSITION - 1] & 1::smallint "
                        + "      WHEN 1 THEN 'D' "
                        + "      ELSE 'A' "
                        + "    END "
                        + "    ELSE NULL "
                        + "  END AS ASC_OR_DESC, ")
                + "    tmp.CARDINALITY, "
                + "    tmp.PAGES, "
                + "    tmp.FILTER_CONDITION "
                + "FROM ("
                + sql
                + ") AS tmp";
    } else {
      String select;
      String from;
      String where;

      select = "SELECT NULL AS TABLE_CAT, n.nspname AS TABLE_SCHEM, ";
      from = " FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_class ct, pg_catalog.pg_class ci, "
             + " pg_catalog.pg_attribute a, pg_catalog.pg_am am ";
      where = " AND n.oid = ct.relnamespace ";
      from += ", pg_catalog.pg_index i ";

      if (schema != null && !schema.isEmpty()) {
        where += " AND n.nspname = " + escapeQuotes(schema);
      }

      sql = select
            + " ct.relname AS TABLE_NAME, NOT i.indisunique AS NON_UNIQUE, NULL AS INDEX_QUALIFIER, ci.relname AS INDEX_NAME, "
            + " CASE i.indisclustered "
            + " WHEN true THEN " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexClustered
            + " ELSE CASE am.amname "
            + " WHEN 'hash' THEN " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexHashed
            + " ELSE " + java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.tableIndexOther
            + " END "
            + " END AS TYPE, "
            + " a.attnum AS ORDINAL_POSITION, "
            + " CASE WHEN i.indexprs IS NULL THEN a.attname "
            + " ELSE pg_catalog.pg_get_indexdef(ci.oid,a.attnum,false) END AS COLUMN_NAME, "
            + " NULL AS ASC_OR_DESC, "
            + " ci.reltuples AS CARDINALITY, "
            + " ci.relpages AS PAGES, "
            + " pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(i.indpred, i.indrelid) AS FILTER_CONDITION "
            + from
            + " WHERE ct.oid=i.indrelid AND ci.oid=i.indexrelid AND a.attrelid=ci.oid AND ci.relam=am.oid "
            + where;

      sql += " AND ct.relname = " + escapeQuotes(tableName);

      if (unique) {
        sql += " AND i.indisunique ";
      }
    }

    sql += " ORDER BY NON_UNIQUE, TYPE, INDEX_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION ";

    return ((PgResultSet)createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql)).upperCaseFieldLabels();
  }

  // ** JDBC 2 Extensions **

  public boolean supportsResultSetType(int type) throws SQLException {
    // The only type we don't support
    return type != ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE;
  }

  public boolean supportsResultSetConcurrency(int type, int concurrency) throws SQLException {
    // These combinations are not supported!
    if (type == ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE) {
      return false;
    }

    // We do support Updateable ResultSets
    if (concurrency == ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE) {
      return true;
    }

    // Everything else we do
    return true;
  }

  /* lots of unsupported stuff... */
  public boolean ownUpdatesAreVisible(int type) throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean ownDeletesAreVisible(int type) throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean ownInsertsAreVisible(int type) throws SQLException {
    // indicates that
    return true;
  }

  public boolean othersUpdatesAreVisible(int type) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean othersDeletesAreVisible(int i) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean othersInsertsAreVisible(int type) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean updatesAreDetected(int type) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean deletesAreDetected(int i) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean insertsAreDetected(int type) throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsBatchUpdates() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public ResultSet getUDTs(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String typeNamePattern, int @Nullable [] types) throws SQLException {
    String sql = "select "
        + "null as type_cat, n.nspname as type_schem, t.typname as type_name,  null as class_name, "
        + "CASE WHEN t.typtype='c' then " + java.sql.Types.STRUCT + " else "
        + java.sql.Types.DISTINCT
        + " end as data_type, pg_catalog.obj_description(t.oid, 'pg_type')  "
        + "as remarks, CASE WHEN t.typtype = 'd' then  (select CASE";
    TypeInfo typeInfo = connection.getTypeInfo();

    StringBuilder sqlwhen = new StringBuilder();
    for (Iterator<Integer> i = typeInfo.getPGTypeOidsWithSQLTypes(); i.hasNext(); ) {
      Integer typOid = i.next();
      // NB: Java Integers are signed 32-bit integers, but oids are unsigned 32-bit integers.
      // We must therefore map it to a positive long value before writing it into the query,
      // or we'll be unable to correctly handle ~ half of the oid space.
      long longTypOid = typeInfo.intOidToLong(typOid);
      int sqlType = typeInfo.getSQLType(typOid);

      sqlwhen.append(" when oid = ").append(longTypOid).append(" then ").append(sqlType);
    }
    sql += sqlwhen.toString();

    sql += " else " + java.sql.Types.OTHER + " end from pg_type where oid=t.typbasetype) "
        + "else null end as base_type "
        + "from pg_catalog.pg_type t, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n where t.typnamespace = n.oid and n.nspname != 'pg_catalog' and n.nspname != 'pg_toast'";

    StringBuilder toAdd = new StringBuilder();
    if (types != null) {
      toAdd.append(" and (false ");
      for (int type : types) {
        switch (type) {
          case Types.STRUCT:
            toAdd.append(" or t.typtype = 'c'");
            break;
          case Types.DISTINCT:
            toAdd.append(" or t.typtype = 'd'");
            break;
        }
      }
      toAdd.append(" ) ");
    } else {
      toAdd.append(" and t.typtype IN ('c','d') ");
    }
    // spec says that if typeNamePattern is a fully qualified name
    // then the schema and catalog are ignored

    if (typeNamePattern != null) {
      // search for qualifier
      int firstQualifier = typeNamePattern.indexOf('.');
      int secondQualifier = typeNamePattern.lastIndexOf('.');

      if (firstQualifier != -1) {
        // if one of them is -1 they both will be
        if (firstQualifier != secondQualifier) {
          // we have a catalog.schema.typename, ignore catalog
          schemaPattern = typeNamePattern.substring(firstQualifier + 1, secondQualifier);
        } else {
          // we just have a schema.typename
          schemaPattern = typeNamePattern.substring(0, firstQualifier);
        }
        // strip out just the typeName
        typeNamePattern = typeNamePattern.substring(secondQualifier + 1);
      }
      toAdd.append(" and t.typname like ").append(escapeQuotes(typeNamePattern));
    }

    // schemaPattern may have been modified above
    if (schemaPattern != null) {
      toAdd.append(" and n.nspname like ").append(escapeQuotes(schemaPattern));
    }
    sql += toAdd.toString();

    if (connection.getHideUnprivilegedObjects()
        && connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_2)) {
      sql += " AND has_type_privilege(t.oid, 'USAGE')";
    }

    sql += " order by data_type, type_schem, type_name";
    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  @Override
  public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
    return connection;
  }

  protected Statement createMetaDataStatement() throws SQLException {
    return connection.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,
        ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
  }

  public long getMaxLogicalLobSize() throws SQLException {
    return 0;
  }

  public boolean supportsRefCursors() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public RowIdLifetime getRowIdLifetime() throws SQLException {
    throw org.postgresql.Driver.notImplemented(this.getClass(), "getRowIdLifetime()");
  }

  @Override
  public boolean supportsStoredFunctionsUsingCallSyntax() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean autoCommitFailureClosesAllResultSets() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public ResultSet getClientInfoProperties() throws SQLException {
    Field[] f = new Field[4];
    f[0] = new Field("NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("MAX_LEN", Oid.INT4);
    f[2] = new Field("DEFAULT_VALUE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[3] = new Field("DESCRIPTION", Oid.VARCHAR);

    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>();

    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v9_0)) {
      byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[4][];
      tuple[0] = connection.encodeString("ApplicationName");
      tuple[1] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(getMaxNameLength()));
      tuple[2] = connection.encodeString("");
      tuple[3] = connection
          .encodeString("The name of the application currently utilizing the connection.");
      v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
    }

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  public boolean isWrapperFor(Class<?> iface) throws SQLException {
    return iface.isAssignableFrom(getClass());
  }

  public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> iface) throws SQLException {
    if (iface.isAssignableFrom(getClass())) {
      return iface.cast(this);
    }
    throw new SQLException("Cannot unwrap to " + iface.getName());
  }

  public ResultSet getFunctions(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String functionNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {

    // The pg_get_function_result only exists 8.4 or later
    boolean pgFuncResultExists = connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v8_4);

    // Use query that support pg_get_function_result to get function result, else unknown is defaulted
    String funcTypeSql = DatabaseMetaData.functionResultUnknown + " ";
    if (pgFuncResultExists) {
      funcTypeSql = " CASE "
              + "   WHEN (format_type(p.prorettype, null) = 'unknown') THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.functionResultUnknown
              + "   WHEN "
              + "     (substring(pg_get_function_result(p.oid) from 0 for 6) = 'TABLE') OR "
              + "     (substring(pg_get_function_result(p.oid) from 0 for 6) = 'SETOF') THEN " + DatabaseMetaData.functionReturnsTable
              + "   ELSE " + DatabaseMetaData.functionNoTable
              + " END ";
    }

    // Build query and result
    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT current_database() AS FUNCTION_CAT, n.nspname AS FUNCTION_SCHEM, p.proname AS FUNCTION_NAME, "
        + " d.description AS REMARKS, "
        + funcTypeSql + " AS FUNCTION_TYPE, "
        + " p.proname || '_' || p.oid AS SPECIFIC_NAME "
        + "FROM pg_catalog.pg_proc p "
        + "INNER JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON p.pronamespace=n.oid "
        + "LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_description d ON p.oid=d.objoid "
        + "WHERE true  ";

    if (connection.haveMinimumServerVersion(ServerVersion.v11)) {
      sql += " AND p.prokind='f'";
    }
    /*
    if the user provides a schema then search inside the schema for it
     */
    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (functionNamePattern != null && !functionNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND p.proname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(functionNamePattern);
    }
    if (connection.getHideUnprivilegedObjects()) {
      sql += " AND has_function_privilege(p.oid,'EXECUTE')";
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY FUNCTION_SCHEM, FUNCTION_NAME, p.oid::text ";

    return createMetaDataStatement().executeQuery(sql);
  }

  public ResultSet getFunctionColumns(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String functionNamePattern, @Nullable String columnNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {
    int columns = 17;

    Field[] f = new Field[columns];
    List<Tuple> v = new ArrayList<Tuple>();

    f[0] = new Field("FUNCTION_CAT", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[1] = new Field("FUNCTION_SCHEM", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[2] = new Field("FUNCTION_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[3] = new Field("COLUMN_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[4] = new Field("COLUMN_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[5] = new Field("DATA_TYPE", Oid.INT2);
    f[6] = new Field("TYPE_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[7] = new Field("PRECISION", Oid.INT2);
    f[8] = new Field("LENGTH", Oid.INT4);
    f[9] = new Field("SCALE", Oid.INT2);
    f[10] = new Field("RADIX", Oid.INT2);
    f[11] = new Field("NULLABLE", Oid.INT2);
    f[12] = new Field("REMARKS", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[13] = new Field("CHAR_OCTET_LENGTH", Oid.INT4);
    f[14] = new Field("ORDINAL_POSITION", Oid.INT4);
    f[15] = new Field("IS_NULLABLE", Oid.VARCHAR);
    f[16] = new Field("SPECIFIC_NAME", Oid.VARCHAR);

    String sql;
    sql = "SELECT n.nspname,p.proname,p.prorettype,p.proargtypes, t.typtype,t.typrelid, "
        + " p.proargnames, p.proargmodes, p.proallargtypes, p.oid "
        + " FROM pg_catalog.pg_proc p, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n, pg_catalog.pg_type t "
        + " WHERE p.pronamespace=n.oid AND p.prorettype=t.oid ";
    if (schemaPattern != null && !schemaPattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND n.nspname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(schemaPattern);
    }
    if (functionNamePattern != null && !functionNamePattern.isEmpty()) {
      sql += " AND p.proname LIKE " + escapeQuotes(functionNamePattern);
    }
    sql += " ORDER BY n.nspname, p.proname, p.oid::text ";

    byte[] isnullableUnknown = new byte[0];

    Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
    ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
    while (rs.next()) {
      byte[] schema = rs.getBytes("nspname");
      byte[] functionName = rs.getBytes("proname");
      byte[] specificName =
          connection.encodeString(rs.getString("proname") + "_" + rs.getString("oid"));
      int returnType = (int) rs.getLong("prorettype");
      String returnTypeType = rs.getString("typtype");
      int returnTypeRelid = (int) rs.getLong("typrelid");

      String strArgTypes = castNonNull(rs.getString("proargtypes"));
      StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(strArgTypes);
      List<Long> argTypes = new ArrayList<Long>();
      while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
        argTypes.add(Long.valueOf(st.nextToken()));
      }

      String[] argNames = null;
      Array argNamesArray = rs.getArray("proargnames");
      if (argNamesArray != null) {
        argNames = (String[]) argNamesArray.getArray();
      }

      String[] argModes = null;
      Array argModesArray = rs.getArray("proargmodes");
      if (argModesArray != null) {
        argModes = (String[]) argModesArray.getArray();
      }

      int numArgs = argTypes.size();

      Long[] allArgTypes = null;
      Array allArgTypesArray = rs.getArray("proallargtypes");
      if (allArgTypesArray != null) {
        allArgTypes = (Long[]) allArgTypesArray.getArray();
        numArgs = allArgTypes.length;
      }

      // decide if we are returning a single column result.
      if ("b".equals(returnTypeType) || "d".equals(returnTypeType) || "e".equals(returnTypeType)
          || ("p".equals(returnTypeType) && argModesArray == null)) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[columns][];
        tuple[0] = null;
        tuple[1] = schema;
        tuple[2] = functionName;
        tuple[3] = connection.encodeString("returnValue");
        tuple[4] = connection
            .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.functionReturn));
        tuple[5] = connection
            .encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(returnType)));
        tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(returnType));
        tuple[7] = null;
        tuple[8] = null;
        tuple[9] = null;
        tuple[10] = null;
        tuple[11] = connection
            .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.functionNullableUnknown));
        tuple[12] = null;
        tuple[14] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(0));
        tuple[15] = isnullableUnknown;
        tuple[16] = specificName;

        v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
      }

      // Add a row for each argument.
      for (int i = 0; i < numArgs; i++) {
        byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[columns][];
        tuple[0] = null;
        tuple[1] = schema;
        tuple[2] = functionName;

        if (argNames != null) {
          tuple[3] = connection.encodeString(argNames[i]);
        } else {
          tuple[3] = connection.encodeString("$" + (i + 1));
        }

        int columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.functionColumnIn;
        if (argModes != null && argModes[i] != null) {
          if (argModes[i].equals("o")) {
            columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.functionColumnOut;
          } else if (argModes[i].equals("b")) {
            columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.functionColumnInOut;
          } else if (argModes[i].equals("t")) {
            columnMode = DatabaseMetaData.functionReturn;
          }
        }

        tuple[4] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(columnMode));

        int argOid;
        if (allArgTypes != null) {
          argOid = allArgTypes[i].intValue();
        } else {
          argOid = argTypes.get(i).intValue();
        }

        tuple[5] =
            connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(argOid)));
        tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(argOid));
        tuple[7] = null;
        tuple[8] = null;
        tuple[9] = null;
        tuple[10] = null;
        tuple[11] =
            connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(DatabaseMetaData.functionNullableUnknown));
        tuple[12] = null;
        tuple[14] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(i + 1));
        tuple[15] = isnullableUnknown;
        tuple[16] = specificName;

        v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
      }

      // if we are returning a multi-column result.
      if ("c".equals(returnTypeType) || ("p".equals(returnTypeType) && argModesArray != null)) {
        String columnsql = "SELECT a.attname,a.atttypid FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a "
            + " WHERE a.attrelid = " + returnTypeRelid
            + " AND NOT a.attisdropped AND a.attnum > 0 ORDER BY a.attnum ";
        Statement columnstmt = connection.createStatement();
        ResultSet columnrs = columnstmt.executeQuery(columnsql);
        while (columnrs.next()) {
          int columnTypeOid = (int) columnrs.getLong("atttypid");
          byte[] @Nullable [] tuple = new byte[columns][];
          tuple[0] = null;
          tuple[1] = schema;
          tuple[2] = functionName;
          tuple[3] = columnrs.getBytes("attname");
          tuple[4] = connection
              .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.functionColumnResult));
          tuple[5] = connection
              .encodeString(Integer.toString(connection.getTypeInfo().getSQLType(columnTypeOid)));
          tuple[6] = connection.encodeString(connection.getTypeInfo().getPGType(columnTypeOid));
          tuple[7] = null;
          tuple[8] = null;
          tuple[9] = null;
          tuple[10] = null;
          tuple[11] = connection
              .encodeString(Integer.toString(java.sql.DatabaseMetaData.functionNullableUnknown));
          tuple[12] = null;
          tuple[14] = connection.encodeString(Integer.toString(0));
          tuple[15] = isnullableUnknown;
          tuple[16] = specificName;

          v.add(new Tuple(tuple));
        }
        columnrs.close();
        columnstmt.close();
      }
    }
    rs.close();
    stmt.close();

    return ((BaseStatement) createMetaDataStatement()).createDriverResultSet(f, v);
  }

  public ResultSet getPseudoColumns(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String tableNamePattern, @Nullable String columnNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {
    throw org.postgresql.Driver.notImplemented(this.getClass(),
        "getPseudoColumns(String, String, String, String)");
  }

  public boolean generatedKeyAlwaysReturned() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsSavepoints() throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsNamedParameters() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsMultipleOpenResults() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }

  public boolean supportsGetGeneratedKeys() throws SQLException {
    // We don't support returning generated keys by column index,
    // but that should be a rarer case than the ones we do support.
    //
    return true;
  }

  public ResultSet getSuperTypes(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String typeNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {
    throw org.postgresql.Driver.notImplemented(this.getClass(),
        "getSuperTypes(String,String,String)");
  }

  public ResultSet getSuperTables(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String tableNamePattern)
      throws SQLException {
    throw org.postgresql.Driver.notImplemented(this.getClass(),
        "getSuperTables(String,String,String,String)");
  }

  public ResultSet getAttributes(@Nullable String catalog, @Nullable String schemaPattern,
      @Nullable String typeNamePattern, @Nullable String attributeNamePattern) throws SQLException {
    throw org.postgresql.Driver.notImplemented(this.getClass(),
        "getAttributes(String,String,String,String)");
  }

  public boolean supportsResultSetHoldability(int holdability) throws SQLException {
    return true;
  }

  public int getResultSetHoldability() throws SQLException {
    return ResultSet.HOLD_CURSORS_OVER_COMMIT;
  }

  @Override
  public int getDatabaseMajorVersion() throws SQLException {
    return connection.getServerMajorVersion();
  }

  @Override
  public int getDatabaseMinorVersion() throws SQLException {
    return connection.getServerMinorVersion();
  }

  @Override
  public int getJDBCMajorVersion() {
    return org.postgresql.util.DriverInfo.JDBC_MAJOR_VERSION;
  }

  @Override
  public int getJDBCMinorVersion() {
    return org.postgresql.util.DriverInfo.JDBC_MINOR_VERSION;
  }

  public int getSQLStateType() throws SQLException {
    return sqlStateSQL;
  }

  public boolean locatorsUpdateCopy() throws SQLException {
    /*
     * Currently LOB's aren't updateable at all, so it doesn't matter what we return. We don't throw
     * the notImplemented Exception because the 1.5 JDK's CachedRowSet calls this method regardless
     * of whether large objects are used.
     */
    return true;
  }

  public boolean supportsStatementPooling() throws SQLException {
    return false;
  }
}