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tutorial.html
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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>io tutorial</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="home.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="home_header.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="about.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="fonts/Helvetica/fonts.css">
<script type="module" src="js/KeyNav/KeyNav.js"></script>
<style>
::-webkit-scrollbar {
width: 15px;
height: 15px;
}
::-webkit-scrollbar-track-piece {
background-color: #191919;
}
::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:vertical {
background-color: #777;
}
.section {
font-family: "Helvetica Neue Bold", sans-serif;
/*font-weight: 600;*/
padding-top: 15px;
padding-bottom: 15px;
border-top: solid 1px #444;
}
.code {
white-space: pre-line;
margin-left: 30px;
line-height: 22px;
margin-bottom: 40px;
/*font-weight: 500;*/
font-family: "Helvetica Neue Bold", sans-serif;
color: #ddd;
max-width: 600px;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
.text {
animation: fadein 2s;
max-width: 600px;
}
.result {
display: inline-block;
color: #99c;
margin: 0px;
padding: 0px;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
.result::before {
content: '→ ';
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 475px) {
.code {
font-size: 1em;
margin-left: 0px;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container leftSpace">
<div class="header">
<div class="pageHeader">
<div class="topSpace"></div>
<div class="pageTitle"><a href="index.html">Io</a></div>
<div class="pageSubtitle"> / tutorial </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="text" style="padding-top: 40px;">
<div class=section>Math</div>
<div class="code">
1+1
<div class="result">2</div>
1+1 == 2
<div class="result">true</div>
2 sqrt
<div class="result">1.414214</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Variables</div>
<div class="code">
a := 1
<div class="result">1</div>
a
<div class="result">1</div>
b := 2 * 3
<div class="result">6</div>
a + b
<div class="result">7</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Conditions</div>
<div class=code>
a := 2
(a == 1) ifTrue("a is one" println) ifFalse("a is not one" println)
<div class="result">a is not one</div>
if(a == 1, writeln("a is one"), writeln("a is not one"))
<div class="result">a is not one</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Lists</div>
<div class=code>
d := List clone append(30, 10, 5, 20)
<div class="result">list(30, 10, 5, 20)</div>
d size
<div class="result">4</div>
d print
<div class="result">list(30, 10, 5, 20)</div>
d := d sort
<div class="result">list(5, 10, 20, 30)</div>
d first
<div class="result">5</div>
d last
<div class="result">30</div>
d at(2)
<div class="result">20</div>
d remove(30)
<div class="result">list(5, 10, 20)</div>
d atPut(1, 123)
<div class="result">list(5, 123, 20)</div>
list(30, 10, 5, 20) select(>10)
<div class="result">list(30, 20)</div>
list(30, 10, 5, 20) detect(>10)
<div class="result">30</div>
list(30, 10, 5, 20) map(*2)
<div class="result">list(60, 20, 10, 40)</div>
list(30, 10, 5, 20) map(v, v*2)
<div class="result">list(60, 20, 10, 40)</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Loops</div>
<div class=code>
for(i, 1, 10, write(i, " "))
<div class="result">1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10</div>
d foreach(i, v, writeln(i, ": ", v))
<div class="result">0: 5
1: 123
2: 20</div>
list("abc", "def", "ghi") foreach(println)
<div class="result">abc
def
ghi</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Dictionaries</div>
<div class=code>
dict := Map clone
dict atPut("hello", "a greeting")
dict atPut("goodbye", "a parting")
dict hasKey("hello")
<div class="result">true</div>
dict hasValue("a greeting")
<div class="result">true</div>
dict at("hello")
<div class="result">a greeting</div>
dict keys
<div class="result">list("hello", "goodbye")</div>
dict foreach(k, v, (k .. ":" .. v) println)
<div class="result">hello: a greeting
goodbye: a parting</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Strings</div>
<div class=code>
a := "foo"
<div class="result">"foo"</div>
b := "bar"
<div class="result">"bar"</div>
c := a .. b
<div class="result">"foobar"</div>
c at(0)
<div class="result">102</div>
c at(0) asCharacter
<div class="result">"f"</div>
s := "this is a test"
<div class="result">"this is a test"</div>
words := s split(" ", "\t")
<div class="result">list(this, is, a, test)</div>
words join(" ")
<div class="result">this is a test</div>
s findSeq("is")
<div class="result">2</div>
s findSeq("test")
<div class="result">10</div>
s slice(10)
<div class="result">"test"</div>
s slice(2, 10)
<div class="result">"is is a "</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Objects</div>
<div class=code>
Contact := Object clone
<div class="result"> Contact_0x7fad4365a640:
type = "Contact"</div>
Contact type
<div class="result">Contact</div>
Contact proto type
<div class="result">Object</div>
Contact name ::= nil
<div class="result">nil</div>
Contact address ::= nil
<div class="result">nil</div>
Contact city ::= nil
<div class="result">nil</div>
holmes := Contact clone setName("Holmes") setAddress("221B Baker St") setCity("London")
<div class="result">Contact_0x7fad4365a640
type = "Contact"
name = "Holmes"
address = "221B Baker St"
city = "London"</div>
holmes slotNames
<div class="result">list("type", "name", "address", "city")</div>
Contact fullAddress := method(list(name, address, city) join("\n"))
<div class="result">method(
list(name, address, city) join("\n")
)</div>
holmes fullAddress
<div class="result">"Holmes
221B Baker St
London"</div>
holmes getSlot("fullAddress")
<div class="result">method(
list(name, address, city) join("\n")
)</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Defining Objects with the do() method</div>
<div class=code>
Contact := Object clone do(
name ::= nil
address ::= nil
city ::= nil
fullAddress := method(list(name, address, city) join("\n"))
)
</div>
<div class=section>Inheritance</div>
<div class=code>
BusinessContact := Contact clone do(
companyName ::= ""
fullAddress := method(
list(companyName, "Care of: " .. name, address, city) join("\n")
)
)
steve := BusinessContact clone do(
setName("Steve")
setCompanyName("Apple Inc.")
setAddress("1 Infinite Loop")
setCity("Cupertino")
)
steve fullAddress
<div class="result">
Apple Inc.
Care of: Steve Jobs
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino
</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Lazy Evaluation</div>
<div class=code>
assert := method(
call sender doMessage(call message argAt(0)) ifFalse(
Exception raise("failed assertion: " .. call message asString)
)
)
assert(1 == 3)
<div class="result">
Exception: failed assertion: assert(1 ==(3))
---------
Exception raise Command Line 1
Object assert Command Line 1
</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Introspection</div>
<div class=code>
Address := Object clone do(
fields ::= list("name", "street", "city", "state", "zipCode")
init := method(
fields foreach(key,
if (self hasSlot(key) not,
self newSlot(key, nil)
)
)
)
emptyFields := method(
fields select(k, self getSlot(k) == nil)
)
isValid := method(errors size == 0)
assertValid := method(
if (emptyFields size,
Exception raise(
self type .. " missing: " .. emptyFields join(", ")
)
)
)
)
anAddress := Address clone setName("Alan") setStreet("6502 Mem Ln")
anAddress assertValid
<div class="result">
Exception: Address missing: city, state, zipCode
---------
Exception raise test.io 19
Address assertValid test.io 25
CLI doFile Z_CLI.io 140
CLI run IoState_runCLI() 1
</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Exceptions</div>
<div class=code>
e := try(
anAddress assertValid
)
e catch(Exception,
writeln("Caught: ", e error, "\nstack:\n", e coroutine backTraceString)
)
<div class="result">
Caught: Address missing: state, zipCode
stack:
Exception: Address missing: state, zipCode
---------
Exception raise test.io 19
Address assertValid test.io 28
</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Namespace</div>
<div class=code>
Lobby slotNames
<div class="result">list(set_, Protos, Lobby, _, exit, forward)</div>
Lobby Protos slotNames
<div class="result">list(Core, Addons)</div>
Lobby protos Core slotNames
<div class="result">list(Duration, Number, Eol, Coroutine, Sequence, DynLib, Normal, Notifier, ImmutableSequence, Collector, Debugger, Directory, CFunction, Block, vector, WeakLink, nil, false, CLI, Compiler, RunnerMixIn, Continue, File, TestSuite, Future, DirectoryCollector, Scheduler, UnitTest, FileCollector, FutureProxy, Date, true, Map, Break, List, AddonLoader, Call, String, Sandbox, Importer, Exception, DummyLine, Locals, Error, TestRunner, Profiler, Object, System, Path, Addon, SerializationStream, Return, OperatorTable, Vector, Message)</div>
Lobby protos Core Date slotNames
<div class="result">list(zone, -=, month, fromNumber, asSerialization, secondsToRun, +, print, isValidTime, setGmtOffset, fromSerialization, fromString, setDay, now, asJson, clock, timeStampString, setToUTC, asNumberString, setSecond, second, minute, format, year, convertToLocal, today, -, setYear, setMinute, hour, +=, asString, asAtomDate, secondsSinceNow, isDaylightSavingsTime, justSerialized, secondsSince, isDST, cpuSecondsToRun, gmtOffsetSeconds, asNumber, copy, isPast, gmtOffset, setHour, isToday, convertToUTC, convertToZone, setMonth, day)</div>
</div>
<div class=section>Code as data</div>
<div class=code>
m := method(a(b) + c)
<div class="result"> method(
a(b) + c
)</div>
getSlot("m") message
<div class="result"> a(b) +(c)</div>
getSlot("m") message next
<div class="result"> +(c)</div>
getSlot("m") message name
<div class="result"> a</div>
getSlot("m") message setName("foo")
<div class="result"> foo(b) +(c)</div>
getSlot("m") message name
<div class="result"> foo</div>
getSlot("m") message arguments
<div class="result"> list(b)</div>
Message slotNames
<div class="result"> list(name, lastBeforeEndOfLine, removeCachedResult, union, fromString, asMessageWithEvaluatedArgs, appendArg, argAt, argCount, clone, setCharacterNumber, isEndOfLine, label, code, setLineNumber, lineNumber, codeOfLength, doInContext, cachedResult, previous, asStackEntry, setLabel, setArguments, appendCachedArg, setCachedResult, asString, arguments, hasCachedResult, description, nextIgnoreEndOfLines, last, setName, setNext, opShuffle, asSimpleString, OperatorTable, argsEvaluatedIn, next, opShuffleC, characterNumber)
</div>
<!--
Collector allObjects size
<div class="result">12425</div>
Message flattenedAST := method(
list(next ?flattenedAST, arguments map(flattenedAST)) flatten
)
astElementCount := Collector allObjects select(type == "Block") map(message flattenedAST size) sum
<div class="result">3733</div>
-->
</div>
<br><br><br>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>