exiv2.md

EXIV2(1)

NAME

exiv2 - Image metadata manipulation tool

1 SYNOPSIS

exiv2 [ option [ arg ] ]+ [ action ] file ...

2 DESCRIPTION

exiv2 is a program to read and write image metadata, including Exif, IPTC, XMP, image comments, ICC Profile, thumbnails, image previews and many vendor makernote tags. The program optionally converts between Exif, IPTC and XMP tags, as recommended by their respective standards/specifications and the Metadata Working Group guidelines.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SYNOPSIS
2. DESCRIPTION
3. FILE TYPES
4. ACTIONS
5. COMMAND SUMMARY
6. OPTIONS
7. EXIV2 GROUPS, TYPES AND VALUES
   1. Exiv2 key syntax
   2. Exiv2 tags
   3. Exif/IPTC/XMP types
   4. Multiple elements
   5. Duplicate tags
   6. Date/Time formats
   7. Exif 'Comment' values
   8. XMP namespaces
   9. XMP LangAlt values
   10. XMP structs
8. PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS
9. ICC PROFILES
10. IMAGE COMMENTS
11. 'MODIFY' COMMANDS
    1. Quotations with 'modify' commands
    2. 'Modify' command format
    3. Modifying a value
    4. 'Modify' examples
    5. 'Modify' command file
12. CONFIGURATION FILE
13. EXAMPLES
14. RETURN VALUE
15. ENVIRONMENT
16. NOTES
17. BUGS
18. COPYRIGHT
19. AUTHORS
20. SEE ALSO

3 FILE TYPES

The following image formats and metadata categories are supported:

Type	Exif	IPTC	XMP	Image Comments	ICC Profile	Thumbnail
ARW	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
AVIF	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
BMP	-	-	-	-	-	-
CR2	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
CR3	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
CRW	Read/Write	-	-	Read/Write	-	Read/Write
DCP	Read/Write	-	-	-	-	-
DNG	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
EPS	-	-	Read/Write		-	-
EXV	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write
GIF	-	-	-	-	-	-
HEIC	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
HEIF	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
JP2	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
JPEG	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write
JXL	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
MRW	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
NEF	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
ORF	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	-	Read/Write
PEF	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
PGF	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-
PNG	-	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
PSD	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	-	Read/Write
RAF	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
RW2	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
SR2	Read	Read	Read	-	-	Read
SRW	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	-	Read/Write
TGA	-	-	-	-	-	-
TIFF	Read/Write	Read/Write	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
WEBP	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	-	Read/Write	Read/Write
XMP	-	-	Read/Write	-	-	-

• Support for GIF, TGA and BMP images is minimal: the image format is recognized, a MIME type assigned to it and the height and width of the image are determined.

• Reading other TIFF-like RAW image formats, which are not listed in the table, may also work.

• Some image formats allow an extra internal type of metadata. Only partial support exists for the RAF format.

• Support for BMFF types such as AVIF, CR3, HEIF and HEIC is a build option. To check if this is enabled, use exiv2 --version --verbose --grep bmff and see if enable_bmff=1.

• Naked codestream JXL files do not contain Exif, IPTC or XMP metadata.

• Support of video files is limited. Currently exiv2 only has some rudimentary support to read metadata from quicktime, matroska and riff based video files (e.g. .MOV/.MP4, .MKV, .AVI, .WAV, .ASF).

TOC

4 ACTIONS

The action argument is only required if it is not clear from the options which action is implied.

pr | print

Print image metadata, the default is --print s. This is also the default action (i.e., exiv2 image.jpg).

ex | extract

Extract metadata to "raw" metadata (*.exv), XMP sidecar (*.xmp), preview image, thumbnail or ICC profile file. The default is --extract XXei. Use --location dir to direct the output to a different directory. Modification commands can be applied on-the-fly.

in | insert

Insert metadata from corresponding "raw" metadata (*.exv), XMP sidecar (*.xmp), thumbnail or ICC profile files, the default is --insert XXeix. Use --location dir to direct the input from a different directory and --suffix suf for the output extension. Since files of any supported format can be used as input files, this command can be used to copy the metadata between files of different formats.

rm | delete

Delete image metadata from the files, the default is --delete a.

ad | adjust

Adjust Exif timestamps by the given time. Requires at least one of the options --adjust time, --years +-n, --months +-n or --days +-n. See TZ environment variable.

mo | modify

Apply commands to modify the Exif, IPTC and XMP metadata of image files. Requires option --comment txt, --modify cmdfile or --Modify cmd.

mv | rename

Rename files and/or set file timestamps according to the Exif create timestamp. The default filename format is in --rename fmt. Uses the value of Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal or, Exif.Image.DateTime to determine the timestamp. The filename format can be set with --rename fmt, timestamp options are --timestamp and --Timestamp. See TZ environment variable.

fi | fixiso

Copy the ISO setting from one of the proprietary Nikon or Canon makernote ISO tags to the regular Exif ISO tag, Exif.Photo.ISOSpeedRatings. Does not overwrite an existing Exif ISO tag.

fc | fixcom

Fix the character encoding of Exif Unicode user comments. Decodes the comment using the auto-detected or specified character encoding and writes it back in UCS-2. Use option --encode enc to specify the current encoding of the comment if necessary.

TOC

5 COMMAND SUMMARY

exiv2 [ option [ arg ] ]+ [ action ] file ...

Where file is one or more files containing image metadata. These can optionally be specified using a URL (http, https, ftp, sftp, data and file supported) or a wildcard pattern (e.g., image1.tiff image2.jpg, https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg or *.jpg)

Option arg	Long option arg	Description
-a time	--adjust time	Automatically modify metadata time stamps. For the adjust action [...]
-b	--binary	Obsolete and should not be used. Reserved for use with the test suite
-c txt	--comment txt	JPEG comment string to set in the image. For the modify action [...]
-d tgt1	--delete tgt1	Delete target(s) for the delete action [...]
-D +-n	--days +-n	Automated adjustment of the days in metadata dates [...]
-e tgt3	--extract tgt3	Extract target(s) for the extract action [...]
-f	--force	Do not prompt before overwriting existing files. For the rename and extract actions [...]
-F	--Force	Do not prompt before renaming files. For the rename and extract actions [...]
-g str	--grep str	Only output where str matches in output text [...]
-h	--help	Display help and exit [...]
-i tgt2	--insert tgt2	Insert target(s) for the insert action [...]
-k	--keep	Preserve file timestamps when updating files [...]
-K key	--key key	Report a key. Similar to --grep str, however key must match exactly [...]
-l dir	--location dir	Location (directory) for files to be inserted or extracted [...]
-m cmdfile	--modify cmdfile	Read commands from a file. For the modify action [...]
-M cmd	--Modify cmd	Modify the metadata with the command. For the modify action [...]
-n enc	--encode enc	Charset to decode Exif Unicode user comments [...]
-O +-n	--months +-n	Automated adjustment of the months in metadata dates [...]
-p mod	--print mod	Print report (common reports) [...]
-P flg	--Print flg	Print report (fine grained control) [...]
-q	--quiet	Silence warnings and error messages [...]
-Q lvl	--log lvl	Set the log-level [...]
-r fmt	--rename fmt	Filename format for the rename action [...]
-S suf	--suffix suf	Use suffix for source files when using the insert action [...]
-t	--timestamp	Set the file timestamp from Exif metadata. For the rename action [...]
-T	--Timestamp	Only set the file timestamp from Exif metadata. For the rename action [...]
-u	--unknown	Show unknown tags [...]
-v	--verbose	Verbose [...]
-V	--version	Show the program version and exit [...]
-Y +-n	--years +-n	Automated adjustment of the years in metadata dates [...]

The arguments for those options are:

arg	Description
action	pr | ex | in | rm | ad | mo | mv | fi | fc (print, extract, insert, delete, adjust, modify, rename, fixiso, fixcom)
cmd	(set | add) key [ [type] value ] | del key [type] | reg prefix namespace (see 'Modify' command format)
enc	Values defined in iconv_open(3) (e.g., UTF-8)
flg	E | I | X | x | g | k | l | n | y | c | s | v | t | h (Exif, IPTC, XMP, num, grp, key, label, name, type, count, size, vanilla, translated, hex)
fmt	Default format: %Y%m%d_%H%M%S
key	See Exiv2 key syntax
lvl	d | i | w | e | m (debug, info, warning, error, mute)
mod	s | a | e | t | v | h | i | x | c | p | C | R | S | X (summary, all, Exif, translated, vanilla, hex, IPTC, XMP, comment, preview, ICC Profile, Recursive Structure, Simple Structure, raw XMP)
suf	'.' then the file's extension (e.g., '.txt')
time	[+|-]HH[:MM[:SS]] (Default is + when +/- are missing)
tgt1	a | c | e | i | I | t | x | C | - (all, comment, Exif, IPTC, IPTC all, thumbnail, XMP, ICC Profile, stdin/out)
tgt2	a | c | e | i | t | x | C | X | XX | - (all, comment, Exif, IPTC, thumbnail, XMP, ICC Profile, SideCar, Raw metadata, stdin/out)
tgt3	a | e | i | p | t | x | C | X | XX | - (all, Exif, IPTC, preview, thumbnail, XMP, ICC Profile, SideCar, Raw metadata, stdin/out)
type	An Exif, IPTC or XMP tag type (e.g., xmpText). See Exif/IPTC/XMP types
+-n	The amount to change in the date (e.g., -3). Default is + when +/- are missing

TOC

6 OPTIONS

-h, --help

Display help and exit.

-V, --version

Show the program version and exit.

When --version is combined with --verbose, build information is printed to standard output along with a list of shared libraries which have been loaded into memory. Verbose version is supported on Windows (MSVC, Cygwin and MinGW builds), macOS and Linux and is provided for test and debugging. The library name and version number are always printed, even if output is filtered with --grep str.

-v, --verbose

Be verbose during the program run.

-q, --quiet

Silence warnings and error messages during the program run. Note that options --quiet and --verbose can be used at the same time.

-Q lvl, --log lvl

Set the log-level to 'd'(ebug), 'i'(nfo), 'w'(arning), 'e'(rror) or 'm'(ute), with the lvl chosen including those below it ('d' <- 'i' <- 'w' <- 'e'). The default log-level is 'w'. --log m is equivalent to --quiet. All log messages are written to standard error.

-u, --unknown

Show unknown tags. Default is to suppress tags which don't have a name (e.g., Exif.SonyMisc3c.0x022b).

-g str, --grep str

When printing tags, display only those where str is found in the key (see Exiv2 key syntax). When --grep str is used with --verbose --version, lines are included where str matches in the variable or value.

Multiple --grep str options can be used to output additional data:

$ exiv2 --verbose --version --grep webready --grep time
exiv2 1.0.0.9
time=11:01:53
enable_webready=1
xmlns=mediapro:http://ns.iview-multimedia.com/mediapro/1.0/

When the --print mod and --Print flgs options are not specified, the default is --print a:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep Date Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Image.DateTime                          Ascii      20  2015:07:16 20:25:28
Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal                  Ascii      20  2015:07:16 15:38:54
Exif.Photo.DateTimeDigitized                 Ascii      20  2015:07:16 15:38:54
Exif.NikonWt.DateDisplayFormat               Byte        1  Y/M/D
Exif.GPSInfo.GPSDateStamp                    Ascii      11  2015:07:16
Xmp.xmp.ModifyDate                           XmpText    25  2015-07-16T20:25:28+01:00

You may use --print mod or --Print flgs to further filter output (--print s is ignored):

$ exiv2 --print x --grep Date Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.xmp.ModifyDate                           XmpText    25  2015-07-16T20:25:28+01:00

str can contain an optional /i modifier at the end, to indicate case insensitivity:

$ exiv2 --print px --grep date/i Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.xmp.ModifyDate                           XmpText    25  2015-07-16T20:25:28+01:00

-K key, --key key

Only reports tags for a given key, which must match the key exactly (See Exiv2 key syntax).

Multiple --key key options can be used to report more than a single key:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --key Exif.Photo.DateTimeDigitized --key Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal                  Ascii      20  2015:07:16 15:38:54
Exif.Photo.DateTimeDigitized                 Ascii      20  2015:07:16 15:38:54

-n enc, --encode enc

Charset to use when decoding Exif Unicode user comments, where enc is a name understood by iconv_open(3) (e.g., 'UTF-8'). See Exif 'Comment' values.

-k, --keep

Preserve file timestamps when updating files. Can be used with all options which update files and is ignored by read-only options.

-t, --timestamp

Set the file timestamp according to the Exif create timestamp in addition to renaming the file (overrides --keep). This option is only used with the rename action. See TZ environment variable.

-T, --Timestamp

Only set the file timestamp according to the Exif create timestamp, do not rename the file (overrides --keep). This option is only used with the rename action. See TZ environment variable.

-f, --force or -F, --Force

These options are used by the rename and extract actions to determine the file overwrite policy. The options override the default behavior, which is to prompt the user if the filename already exists. These options are usually combined with --verbose, to provide additional status output.

The rename action will overwrite files when --force is used. Instead, if --Force is used and the file already exists, the new filename is appended with '_1' ('_2', ...) to prevent data loss.

The extract action will overwrite files when either --force or --Force is used.

For example, renaming a file using --Force, where the same filename has already been renamed:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --verbose --Force rename Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Renaming file to ./20150716_153854.jpg

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --verbose --Force rename Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Renaming file to ./20150716_153854_1.jpg

-r fmt, --rename fmt

Filename format for the rename action (See TZ environment variable). The fmt string follows the definitions in strftime(3), using Exif.Photo.DateTimeOriginal or Exif.Image.DateTime as the reference date and time. In addition, the following special character sequences are also provided:

Variable	Description
:basename:	Original filename without extension
:basesuffix:	Suffix in original filename, starts with first dot and ends before extension, e.g. PANO, MP, NIGHT added by Google Camera app
:dirname:	Name of the directory holding the original file
:parentname:	Name of parent directory

The default fmt is %Y%m%d_%H%M%S

For example, renaming a file when fmt is made up of the basename, day, short month and long year:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --verbose --rename ':basename:_%d_%b_%Y' Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Renaming file to ./Stonehenge_16_Jul_2015.jpg

If the filename to rename to already exists and --Force and --force are not used, the user is prompted for an action.

Option	Description
[O]verwrite	Rename the file, overriding the existing one
[r]ename	Rename the file, but append '_1' ('_2', ...) to the new filename
[s]kip :	Cancel renaming this file

For example, when renaming a second Stonehenge.jpg file:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --verbose --rename ':basename:_%d_%b_%Y' Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
exiv2.exe: File `./Stonehenge_16_Jul_2015.jpg' exists. [O]verwrite, [r]ename or [s]kip? r
Renaming file to ./Stonehenge_16_Jul_2015_1.jpg

If the filename contains a suffix, which shall be included in new filename:

$ exiv2 --verbose --rename '%d_%b_%Y:basesuffix:' Stonehenge.PANO.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.PANO.jpg
Renaming file to '16_Jul_2015.PANO'.jpg```

<div id="adjust_time">

### **-a** *time*, **--adjust** *time*
Adjusts the times in standard Exif tags, where *time* is in the format: 
[+\|-]HH[:MM[:SS]]. This option is only used with the [adjust](#ad_adjust) 
action. See [TZ](#TZ) environment variable.

Examples of *time* are:

| Time     | Description                  |
|:------   |:----                         |
| +1       | Adds one hour                |
| 1:01     | Adds one hour and one minute |
| -0:00:30 | Subtracts 30 seconds         |

<div id="years_n">

### **-Y** *+-n*, **--years** *+-n*
Time adjustment by a positive or negative number of years, for
the [adjust](#ad_adjust) action. See [TZ environment variable](#TZ).

<div id="months_n">

### **-O** *+-n*, **--months** *+-n*
Time adjustment by a positive or negative number of months, for
the [adjust](#ad_adjust) action. See [TZ environment variable](#TZ).

<div id="days_n">

### **-D** *+-n*, **--days** *+-n*
Time adjustment by a positive or negative number of days, for
the [adjust](#ad_adjust) action. See [TZ environment variable](#TZ).

<div id="print_mod">

### **-p** *mod*, **--print** *mod* 
Print mode for the [print](#pr_print) action (see 
[DESCRIPTION](#file_types), for metadata support in a file type). 
Where *mod* is one of:

| Option | Description                                                                          |
|:------ |:----                                                                                 |
| s      | A summary of the Exif metadata (the default for the [print](#pr_print) action)       |
| a      | Exif, IPTC and XMP tags (shortcut for [--Print kyct](#Print_flgs))                   |
| e      | Plain (untranslated) Exif tags (shortcut for [--Print Ekycv](#Print_flgs))           |
| t      | Interpreted (translated) Exif tag values (shortcut for [--Print Ekyct](#Print_flgs)) |
| v      | Plain (untranslated) Exif tag values (shortcut for [--Print Exgnycv](#Print_flgs))   |
| h      | Hex dump of the Exif data (shortcut for [--Print Exgnycsh](#Print_flgs))             |
| i      | Translated IPTC tags (shortcut for [--Print Ikyct](#Print_flgs))                     |
| x      | Translated XMP tags (shortcut for [--Print Xkyct](#Print_flgs))                      |
| c      | JPEG comment (see [IMAGE COMMENTS](#image_comments))                                 |
| p      | List available image previews, sorted by size in pixels (see [PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS](#preview_images)) |
| C      | Image ICC Profile (see [ICC PROFILES](#icc_profiles))                                |
| R      | Print image structure recursively (only for the 'debug' build with jpg, png, tiff, webp, cr2 and jp2 types) |
| S      | Image structure information (jpg, png, tiff, webp, cr2 and jp2 types only)           |
| X      | "raw" XMP                                                                            |

**--print** *mod* can be combined with [--grep str](#grep_str) or 
[--key key](#key_key) to further filter the output.

For the order of the columns in the output, see 
[--Print flgs](#Print_flgs_order).

<div id="Print_flgs">

### **-P** *flgs*, **-Print** *flgs*
Print flags allows fine control of the tag list for the 
[print](#pr_print) action (see [DESCRIPTION](#file_types), for metadata 
support in a file type). The option allows control of the type of metadata 
as well as data columns included in the print output. Valid flags are:

| Option | Description                                                                 |
|:------ |:----                                                                        |
| E      | Exif tags                                                                   |
| I      | IPTC tags                                                                   |
| X      | XMP tags                                                                    |
| x      | Tag number for Exif or IPTC tags (in hexadecimal)                           |
| g      | Group name (e.g., for Exif.Photo.UserComment, outputs Photo)                |
| k      | Key (e.g., Exif.Photo.UserComment)                                          |
| l      | Tag label (human-readable tagname, e.g., for Exif.Photo.UserComment, outputs 'User comment') |
| d      | Tag description                                                             |
| n      | Tag name (e.g., for Exif.Photo.UserComment, outputs UserComment)             |
| y      | Type (for available types, see [Exif/IPTC/XMP types](#exiv2_types))         |
| c      | Number of components (for single entry types, the number of **sizeof('type')** in 'size'. For multi-entry types, the number of entries. See [Exif/IPTC/XMP types](#exiv2_types)) |
| s      | Size in bytes of vanilla output (see note in [Exif 'Comment' values](#exif_comment_values)). Some types include a *NULL* character in the size (see [Exif/IPTC/XMP types](#exiv2_types)) |
| v      | Plain data value (vanilla values, i.e., untranslated)                       |
| V      | Plain data value, data type and the word 'set' (see ['MODIFY' COMMANDS](#modify_cmds))|
| t      | Interpreted (translated) human-readable data values (includes plain vanilla values) |
| h      | Hex dump of the data                                                        |

**--Print** *flgs* can be combined with [--grep str](#grep_str) or 
[--key key](#key_key) to further filter the output.

<div id="Print_flgs_order">

The order of the values in *flgs* is not respected and is output as follows:

| Tag number<br>(x) | Plain 'set'<br>(V) | Group<br>(g) | Key<br>(k) | Tagname<br>(n) | Tagname label<br>(l) |Description<br>(d) | Type<br>(y) | Comp<br>(c) | Size<br>(s) | Value<br>(v) | Translated<br>(t) |
|:------            |:----               |:------       |:------     |:------         |:------               |:------            |:------      |:------      |:------      |:---          |:------            |

For example,

```bash
$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Print xVgknldycsvt -K Exif.Nikon3.Quality Stonehenge.jpg
0x0004 set Nikon3       Exif.Nikon3.Quality                          Quality                     Quality                        Image quality setting          Ascii       8   8  NORMAL   NORMAL

-d tgt1*, --delete tgt1

Delete target(s) for the delete action. Possible targets are:

Option	Description
a	All supported metadata (the default for the delete action)
e	Exif tags
t	Exif thumbnail only (see PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS)
i	IPTC tags
x	XMP tags
c	JPEG comment (see IMAGE COMMENTS)
C	ICC Profile (see ICC PROFILES)
I	All IPTC data (removes broken metadata containing multiple IPTC blocks)
-	Insert from stdin. This option is intended for "filter" operations

-i tgt2, --insert tgt2

Insert target(s) for the insert action (see DESCRIPTION, for metadata support in a file type). Possible targets are:

Option	Description
a	All supported metadata (the default for the insert action)
e	Exif tags
t	Exif thumbnail only. Only JPEG thumbnails can be inserted from a file called <file>-thumb.jpg (see PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS)
i	IPTC tags
x	XMP tags
c	JPEG comment (see IMAGE COMMENTS)
C	ICC Profile, inserted from a file called <file>.icc (see ICC PROFILES)
X	Insert metadata from an XMP sidecar file, <file>.xmp. The remaining targets determine which metadata to include, possible are Exif, IPTC and XMP (default is all of these). Inserted XMP tags include those converted to Exif and IPTC
XX	Insert "raw" metadata from a sidecar file, <file>.exv
-	Insert from stdin. This option is intended for "filter" operations

To insert from a location other than the current directory, use --location dir.

Filter operations between --extract tgt3 and --insert tgt2 are possible, using the following template; xmllint(1) can be optionally used when extracting XMP sidecar files:

$ exiv2 -e{tgt3}- filename | [ xmllint .... |] exiv2 -i{tgt2}- filename

-e tgt3, --extract tgt3

Extract target(s) for the extract action. Possible targets are:

Option	Description
a	All supported metadata (the default for the extract action)
e	Exif tags
t	Extract Exif thumbnail only to a file called <file>-thumb.jpg (see PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS)
i	IPTC tags
x	XMP tags
c	JPEG comment (see IMAGE COMMENTS)
p[<n>[,<m> ...]]	Extract preview images to files called <file>-preview<n | m | ...>.<ext> (see PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS)
C	Extract ICC profile, to a file called <file>.icc (see ICC PROFILES)
X	Extract metadata to an XMP sidecar file, <file>.xmp. Other targets cannot be used with this, as only XMP data is written. Extracted XMP tags include those converted from Exif and IPTC
XX	Extract "raw" metadata to a sidecar file, <file>.exv. The remaining targets determine which metadata to include, possible are Exif and IPTC (XMP is always included)
-	Output to stdout (see example in --insert tgt2). This ignores --verbose and only allows extracting from 1 file

To extract to a location other than the current directory, use --location dir.

When extracting, the --Modify cmd and --modify cmdfile options can be used to filter the output (see 'MODIFY' COMMANDS). For example, extracting Exif and IPTC "raw" metadata and adding an Xmp.dc.subject value.

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --extract XXei --Modify "add Xmp.dc.subject Monument" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --key Xmp.dc.subject Stonehenge.exv
Xmp.dc.subject                               XmpBag      1  Monument

-c txt, --comment txt

JPEG comment string to set in the image (modify action) (see IMAGE COMMENTS).

-m cmdfile, --modify cmdfile

Commands for the modify action (see Command file format). In the format:

--modify ( file | - )

Parameter	Description
file	The file containing the 'modify' commands
-	Stdin

This option can also be used with the extract actions to modify metadata on-the-fly. See 'MODIFY' COMMANDS.

-M cmd, --Modify cmd

Command line for the modify action. This option can also be used with the extract action to modify metadata on-the-fly. See 'MODIFY' COMMANDS and 'Modify' command file.

-l dir, --location dir

Location (directory) for files to be inserted from or extracted to.

-S suf, --suffix suf

Use suffix suf for source files when using insert action (e.g., '.txt').

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7 EXIV2 GROUPS, TYPES AND VALUES

Exiv2 supports Exif 2.32, Adobe XMP 4.4.0 by default, although can be built with newer versions of the SDK, and many manufacturer's makernote tags.

7.1 Exiv2 key syntax

The standard format for Exif and IPTC tags is:

Family.Group.Tagname

Definition	Description
Family	Either 'Exif' or 'Iptc'
Group	The group within the family. e.g., for Exif, 'Image'
Tagname	The tagname within a family and group. e.g., For Exif.Image, 'Model'

For example, Exif.Image.Model or Iptc.Application2.Subject .

XMP

In addition to the standard key syntax, XMP can also use an extended format:

Family.Group.Tagname[ <index>[ <value_types> ] ]+

Definition	Description
Family	i.e., 'Xmp'
Group	The group within the family. e.g., for Xmp, 'dc'
Tagname	The tagname within a family and group. e.g., For Xmp.dc, 'subject'
<index>	An integer (1,...,n) surrounded by square brackets (e.g., [n], is the n'th item in the 'array')
<value_types>	This is /name1 : name2 (e.g., /dim:length). Within a Family.Group.Tagname[n] and nested arrays, only one type of /name1 identifier is allowed, but many name2 values

For example, the Xmp.xmpMM.History tag would use the extended key:

Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:action

Nested structures are permitted and use multiple [ <index>[ <value_types> ] ] in the key. For example, if an Xmp.xmpMM.History tag defined an additional nested array struct, the extended key would be:

Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:myArray[1]/myName1:myName2

See XMP structs and Setting an XMP struct value.

More information about XMP keys and conventions for <value_types> is available from: https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMPSDKReleasecc-2020/XMPSpecificationPart2.pdf#G4.1132618

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7.2 Exiv2 tags

For an explanation of Exiv2 keys, see Exiv2 key syntax.

A full list of built-in Exif, IPTC and XMP tags is available online at https://www.exiv2.org/metadata.html. To query Exiv2 Groups and Tagnames, a sample program called taglist is provided, which can be built from source (see https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README.md) or downloaded from https://www.exiv2.org/download.html.

For the Exif, IPTC and XMP groups:

• The same tags that are available in Exif's Image group (e.g., Exif.Image.XResolution), are also available in Exif's Thumbnail, Image(2|3), SubImage(1-9) and SubThumb1 groups, (e.g., Exif.Thumbnail.XResolution).

• Many camera manufacturer's tags are available and are accessed as different Exif groups, using the manufacturer's name as a prefix (e.g., CanonCs is the Camera Settings for a Canon camera). Groups called the manufacturer name plus number, access the main tags in different file formats (e.g., Sony1 is for JPEGs, Sony2 is for others such as TIFF and ARW). Groups are available for use, depending upon which camera manufacturer and model captured the photo. Supporting the large number of tags for all the different manufacturers is an ongoing task, only partial support is available. The full unprocessed makernotes data is available in Exif.Photo.MakerNote.

• Every Exif and IPTC tag has a tag number (16 bit, 2 byte integer), which is unique within a Group (to display, see --Print x).

• Some of the Exif and IPTC tags are mirrored in the XMP specification (see https://www.exiv2.org/metadata.html).

• The XMP specification is flexible and allows new custom 'Groups' and 'Tagnames' to be added (see Adding new XMP tags and 'Modify' command format). For example, the 'cm2e' 'Group' has been added, which has 'Father' and 'Family' Tagnames. Additionally, a 'Family' tag has been added to the built-in 'dc' Group:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --print x Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.xmp.Rating                               XmpText     1  0
Xmp.xmp.ModifyDate                           XmpText    25  2015-07-16T20:25:28+01:00
Xmp.cm2e.Father                              XmpText    11  Robin Mills
Xmp.cm2e.Family                              XmpBag      0
Xmp.dc.description                           LangAlt     1  lang="x-default" Classic View
Xmp.dc.Family                                XmpBag      1  Robin

• Further information on Exiv2 groups can be found on the Exiv2 wiki: https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/wiki

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7.3 Exif/IPTC/XMP types

Each tag uses a specific type to store the value, with all elements in any array having the same type. Available types for the different 'Family' categories are:

Exif

Type	Format	Element	Comment
Short	A 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integer	Single	-
Long	A 32-bit (4-byte) unsigned integer	Single	-
Rational	Two Long types. Numerator and denominator	Single	Use as X/Y (e.g., "31/1" is 31.0). See Setting a Rational or SRational value
Byte	A string of 8-bit unsigned integers	Single	Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
SShort	A 16-bit (2-byte) signed integer	Single	-
SLong	A 32-bit (4-byte) signed integer	Single	-
SRational	Two SLong types. Numerator and denominator	Single	Use as [+|-]X/Y (e.g., "-31/1" is -31.0). See Setting a Rational or SRational value
SByte	A string of 8-bit signed integers	Single	Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
Float	Signed single precision (4-byte) IEEE format	Single	Use as a signed decimal (e.g., "-0.5" is -0.5)
Double	Signed double precision (8-byte) IEEE format	Single	Use as a signed decimal (e.g., "-0.5" is -0.5)
Ascii	A string of 7-bit ASCII. NULL terminated	Single	Use as a string (e.g., "Value")
Comment	A string of 7-bit ASCII. NULL terminated)	Single	Use as a string (e.g., "Value"). See Exif 'Comment' values
Undefined	A string of 8-bit bytes	Single	Use as a string (e.g., "Value")

IPTC

Type	Format	Element	Comment
String	A string of ASCII	Single	-
Short	A 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integer	Single	-
Date	A string of ASCII (10 bytes)	Single	See Date/Time formats
Time	A string of ASCII (11 bytes)	Single	See Date/Time formats
Undefined	A string of 8-bit bytes	Single	Use as a string (e.g., "Value")

XMP

Type	Format	Element	Comment
LangAlt	A string of text	Multi	Similar to XmpAlt. Alternative text for different languages. See XMP LangAlt values, Multiple elements and 'Modify' command format
XmpAlt	A string of text	Multi	An ordered array, any default value is first
XmpBag	A string of text	Multi	An unordered array (e.g., 3 values, "Red, Yellow, Green"). See Multiple elements and 'Modify' command format
XmpSeq	A string of text	Multi	An ordered array (e.g., 3 values, "Gold, Silver, Bronze"). See Multiple elements and 'Modify' command format
XmpText	A string of text	Single	-

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7.4 Multiple elements

Some IPTC and XMP tags allow multiple elements to be stored, although they both do this in different ways.

IPTC

IPTC tags marked as repeatable, can have multiple tags with the same key (see Exiv2 key syntax) and type (for supported tags, see https://www.exiv2.org/iptc.html, column R).

For example, a file containing three Iptc.Application2.Subject values:

$ exiv2 --grep Application2 Stonehenge_with_extra_data.jpg
Iptc.Application2.RecordVersion              Short       1  4
Iptc.Application2.Caption                    String     12  Monument
Iptc.Application2.Subject                    String     10  Stonehenge
Iptc.Application2.Subject                    String      6  Cloudy
Iptc.Application2.Subject                    String      5  Grass

XMP

XMP multiple values are grouped together within the same tag, using , as a separator (see Exif/IPTC/XMP types for supported types). If a default value exists for a LangAlt or XmpAlt tag, then this is the first item listed. For example, a file containing two Xmp.dc.description values (for format, see 'Modify' command format and three Xmp.dc.subject values:

$ exiv2 --grep description --grep subject Stonehenge_with_extra_data.jpg
Xmp.dc.description                           LangAlt     1  lang="x-default" Monument, lang="de-DE" das Monument
Xmp.dc.subject                               XmpBag      3  Stonehenge, Cloudy, Grass

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7.5 Duplicate tags

Exif

The Exif specification allows for duplicate tags with the same key and even the same key but different type.

These tags are currently unused by any official tag definition.

IPTC

Only IPTC repeatable tags are allowed (see Multiple elements).

XMP

No duplicate XMP tags are allowed.

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7.6 Date/Time formats

The times and dates are stored using different formats in image metadata.

Exif

An Exif DateTime string is stored as 20 ASCII bytes (including trailing NULL) in the format:

YYYY:MM:DD HH:mm:SS

where YYYY:MM:DD is the year, month and day and HH:mm:SS is the hour, minute and second (e.g., "2010:09:15 08:45:21" is 08:45:21 on 15-Aug-10).

The options --timestamp and --Timestamp will accept files in which the Date part, has been incorrectly stored as YYYY-MM-DD.

IPTC

An IPTC 'Date' type is stored in the format:

YYYY-MM-DD

where YYYY-MM-DD is the year, month and day (e.g., "2010-09-15" is 15-Aug-10).

An IPTC 'Time' type is stored in the format:

HH:MM:SScHH:MM

where HH:MM:SS refers to local time's hour, minutes and seconds and, HH:MM refers to hours and minutes with c being ahead (+) or behind (-) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as described in ISO 8601 (e.g., 08:45:15+01:00 is 08:45:15, which is +1 hour different from UTC).

Makernote tags

There is no one single format. Different camera manufacturers use different formats, even within their own sets of tags. Some tags use encoded data that does not conform to any official format.

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7.7 Exif 'Comment' values

Exif 'Comment' values can include an optional charset definition to explain how to interpret the rest of the value. This is used by tags such as Exif.Photo.UserComment, Exif.GPSInfo.GPSProcessingMethod and Exif.GPSInfo.GPSAreaInformation.

The format of the value is:

[ charset= ( Ascii | Jis | Unicode | Undefined ) ] comment

If the charset is not specified then the default is Undefined.

For example, if Ascii and Unicode Comments have been set:

$ exiv2 --grep UserComment --grep GPSProcessingMethod Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Photo.UserComment                       Undefined  16  charset=Ascii Monument
Exif.GPSInfo.GPSProcessingMethod             Undefined  14  charset=Unicode GPS

The reported size of the 'value' is calculated as:

8 Bytes (for "charset=val ") + (the rest of the value) * (2 Bytes for Unicode, otherwise 1 Byte)

See Setting an Exif Comment value.

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7.8 XMP namespaces

Every XMP 'Group' (called a prefix) has an identifier (called a namespace) associated with it. Within an image's metadata, both namespaces and prefixes are unique.

exiv2 has standards defined prefixes and namespaces built-in, which can be displayed in the format: xmlns=<prefix>:<namespace>. For example, here, only a couple are shown:

$ exiv2 --verbose --version --grep xmlns
...
xmlns=xmp:http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/ 
xmlns=dc:http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
...

To list the XMP prefixes and namespaces used by an image's metadata (in the format xmlns:<prefix>=<namespace>), extract a sidecar file to stdout. For example, here, other data is not included:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --extract X- Stonehenge.jpg
<?xpacket begin="" id="W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d"?>
<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/" x:xmptk="XMP Core 4.4.0-Exiv2">
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
  <rdf:Description rdf:about=""
    xmlns:xmp="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/"
    xmlns:cm2e="http://clanmills.com/exiv2/"
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
    xmlns:tiff="http://ns.adobe.com/tiff/1.0/"
    xmlns:exif="http://ns.adobe.com/exif/1.0/"
    xmlns:photoshop="http://ns.adobe.com/photoshop/1.0/"
   xmp:Rating="0"
   xmp:ModifyDate="2015-07-16T20:25:28+01:00"
   xmp:CreateDate="2015-07-16T15:38:54.00"
   ...

New XMP namespaces can be registered, allowing new 'Groups' and 'Tagnames' to be created (see Registering an XMP namespace).

Within an image's metadata, built-in prefixes can be re-registered with different namespaces. In this case, exiv2 will use any new definitions.

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7.9 XMP LangAlt values

A 'LangAlt' string provides alternative text for different languages, with individual entries separated using a , . Each entry is in the format:

[lang=( x-default | <lang> | (<lang>-<country>)] text

Definition	Description
x-default	The default value. If defined, a LangAlt string always lists this entry first
lang	A language code as defined in IEFT RFC 3066
country	A country code as defined in IEFT RFC 3066
text	The text to use for a language definition

The <lang>-<country> combination is useful where a country uses a different version of a common language (e.g., Swiss-French, would be "fr-CH"). The <lang> or <lang>-<country> can be optionally surrounded by double quotes (single quotes are not allowed). If no language is specified, the default value is x-default. Any x-default entry is always listed first.

For example, 3 language definitions including a default value, a British English value and a general French value:

lang="x-default" Elevator, lang="en-gb" Lift, lang="fr" ascenseur

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7.10 XMP structs

XMP structs group XmpText elements together in an array arrangement. The elements themselves can contain other structs, allowing complex nested array structures to be created. The tags in a struct use the extended XMP version of the Exiv2 key syntax.

In a struct, the base key (e.g., Xmp.xmpMM.History) contains:

type=<array_type>

where <array_type> is 'Alt' for XmpAlt, 'Bag' for XmpBag or 'Seq' for XmpSeq.

Each numbered base key (e.g., Xmp.xmpMM.History[n]) contains the string: type="Struct" and each numbered base key plus value type (e.g., Xmp.xmpMM.History[n]/stEvt:action), contains the data.

For example, the Xmp.xmpMM.History tag recording that a file has been converted from tiff to JPEG, then saved.

Xmp.xmpMM.History                            XmpText     0  type="Seq"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]                         XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:action            XmpText     7  derived
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:converted         XmpText    35  tiff to jpeg, saved to new location
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]                         XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:action            XmpText     5  saved
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:instanceID        XmpText    40  xmp.iid:89A4EB97412C88632107D659
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:when              XmpText    25  2021-08-13T10:12:09+01:00
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:softwareAgent     XmpText    21  MySuperPhotoFixer 1.0

For an example of modifying a struct, see Setting an XMP struct value.

More information about structs is available from: https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart1.pdf#G5.873540

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8 PREVIEW IMAGES AND THUMBNAILS

Image metadata can contain several smaller versions of the main image, which can be extracted as separate images. If a thumbnail has been added, then this is also included in the list of available previews.

Currently, preview images are read only (apart from thumbnails of certain FILE TYPES).

For example, to extract a preview image, first list which previews are available:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --print p Stonehenge.jpg
Preview 1: image/jpeg, 160x120 pixels, 10837 bytes

then extract the preview by number (in this case, preview 1 is also the thumbnail):

$ exiv2 --verbose --extract p1 Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Writing preview 1 (image/jpeg, 160x120 pixels, 10837 bytes) to file ./Stonehenge-preview1.jpg

If no image number is provided, then all available preview images will be extracted:

$ exiv2 --verbose --extract p Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Writing preview 1 (image/jpeg, 160x120 pixels, 10837 bytes) to file ./Stonehenge-preview1.jpg

Each image type and camera manufacturer, stores preview images in different ways. Only partial support is available for the many different preview formats.

In addition to using preview images, another method is provided to access the thumbnail. For example, to extract the thumbnail to a <file>-thumb.<ext> file:

$ exiv2 --verbose --extract t Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Writing thumbnail (image/jpeg, 10837 Bytes) to file ./Stonehenge-thumb.jpg

Some FILE TYPES allow writing a thumbnail to the image metadata. For example, to delete a thumbnail:

$ exiv2 --verbose --delete t Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg
Erasing thumbnail data

For example, if a file called *<file>-thumb.<ext> exists, it can be added as a thumbnail with:

$ exiv2 --verbose --insert t Stonehenge.jpg
File 1/1: Stonehenge.jpg

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9. ICC PROFILES

An ICC profile describes the color characteristics of the image (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_profile). Depending upon FILE TYPES support, the profiles can accessed as follows.

For example, to display the profile to stdout:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
exiv2 --print C Stonehenge.jpg

extract to a <file>.icc file with:

exiv2 --verbose --extract C Stonehenge.jpg

and insert from a <file>.icc with:

exiv2 --verbose --insert C Stonehenge.jpg

TOC

10. IMAGE COMMENTS

An image comment is text stored separately in the image metadata, instead of a specific Exif, IPTC or XMP tag. See FILE TYPES for supported image types.

TOC

11 'MODIFY' COMMANDS

Tags can be altered using the 'modify' action and --Modify cmd or --modify cmdfile.

For example, adding an IPTC tag on the command line:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Iptc.Application2.Credit String Mr. Mills" Stonehenge.jpg

or applying a set of 'modify' commands from a file (see 'Modify' command File):

$ exiv2 --modify cmd.txt Stonehenge.jpg

Multiple --Modify cmd and --modify cmdfile options can be combined together, with the changes applied left to right on each file. For example, applying one command line 'modify', then a 'modify' command file:

$ exiv2 --Modify "set Iptc.Application2.Caption Stonehenge" --modify cmdfile.txt Stonehenge.jpg

A list of modify commands can be generated from an existing file using --Print V. For example, only displaying the 'dc' 'modify' commands:

$ exiv2 --Print V --grep dc Stonehenge.jpg
set Xmp.dc.description                           LangAlt    lang="x-default" Classic View
set Xmp.dc.Family                                XmpBag     Robin

Using --modify -, a command file can be read from stdin instead of being a named file. For example:

$ cat cmdfile.txt | exiv2 --modify - Stonehenge.jpg

When modifying, only a correct metadata structure is enforced and it is possible to write tags with types and values different from those specified in the standards. This can include incorrect types (e.g., change Exif.Image.DateTime to a Float), Duplicate tags or incomplete metadata (e.g., deleting Exif.GPSInfo.GPSLatitudeRef, which works together with Exif.GPSInfo.GPSLatitude). While exiv2 is able to read all metadata that it can write, other programs may have difficulties with images that contain non standards-defined metadata.

9.1 Quotations with 'modify' commands

With --Modify cmd, quotation marks are use to surround the cmd. The Windows command line requires double quotes to be used, however generally, quotes inside that string, can be either single or double. Generally, Unix-based systems can use pairs of single or double quotes in any position. In both systems, inner string quotation marks may need to use the \ escape sequence.

See note on quotations when using XMP LangAlt values.

TOC

9.2 'Modify' command format

The format of a command is:

( set | add ) key [ [ type ] value ] | del key [ type ] | reg prefix namespace

Where:

Option	Description
add	Adds a tag. For Exif and IPTC repeatable tags, this adds a new tag, otherwise this replaces any existing tag (see Multiple elements and Duplicate (Exif) tags)
set	Set the value of an existing tag with a matching key or if undefined, add the tag. If Duplicate (Exif) tags or IPTC repeatable tags already exist, this replaces them (see Multiple elements)
del	Delete all occurrences of a tag that matches key, including any duplicate tags
reg	Registers an XMP namespace with an XMP prefix (see XMP namespaces) If registering an existing prefix with a different namespace, then the namespace is updated

using the parameters:

Parameter	Description
key	See Exiv2 key syntax
type	The type for the tag, a default is used if none is given. For built-in tags, the default is defined in the standard and for registered XMP tags, the default is XmpText (see Exif/IPTC/XMP types)
value	The remaining text on the line is the value, and can optionally be enclosed in quotes (see Quotations with 'modify' commands). For Ascii, XmpAlt, XmpBag, XmpSeq and XmpText, the value is optional which is equivalent to an empty value ("")
prefix	This is the XMP 'Group' that is being registered. This is case sensitive and must be unique within an image's metadata. e.g., For an "Exiv2" prefix, the tags for that group are available as Xmp.Exiv2.Tagname
namespace	An identifier for the prefix. This is case sensitive and must be unique within an image's metadata. Built-in namespaces use a URL format, but they are not required to exist

TOC

9.5 Modifying a value

When modifying a value, the 'translated' version of the value should not be used (with the exception of Setting an aperture value). Translated values are in a localized human-readable format, which may change over time. Instead, modify by using the 'vanilla' value.

TOC

9.4 'Modify' examples

Setting a Rational or SRational value

For the 'Rational' and 'SRational' formats, see Exif/IPTC/XMP types.

For example, modifying a 'Rational' number:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify"set Exif.Photo.MaxApertureValue 2485427/500000" Stonehenge.jpg

Setting an aperture value

Exif aperture values are stored in an apex-value format and when using the translated print option, are output as an Fnumber value. The APEX Fnumber translations use the formulae (in base 2):

apex-value  = log(Fnumber) * 2.0 / log(2.0)
Fnumber     = exp(apex-value * log(2.0) / 2.0)

The apex-value is a Rational and can be modified as shown in Setting a Rational or SRational value, however a convenience method is also provided to set an Fnumber directly. This uses the format:

F <value>

Where <value> is either an integer or decimal number.

For example, the following 'modify' will produce the same value as Setting a Rational or SRational value. This is displayed in vanilla and translated output:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "set Exif.Photo.MaxApertureValue F5.6" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --print e --grep MaxApertureValue Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Photo.MaxApertureValue                  Rational    1  2485427/500000
$ exiv2 --print t --grep MaxApertureValue Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Photo.MaxApertureValue                  Rational    1  F5.6

See Modifying a value.

More information about APEX values is available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system

Setting an Exif Comment value

For the 'Comment' format, see Exif 'Comment' values.

For example, to set an Ascii comment:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "set Exif.Photo.UserComment charset=Ascii Photo" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep UserComment Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Photo.UserComment                       Undefined  13  charset=Ascii Photo

or a Unicode comment:

$ exiv2 --Modify "set Exif.GPSInfo.GPSProcessingMethod charset=Unicode \\u0047\\u0050\\u0053" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep GPSProcessingMethod Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.GPSInfo.GPSProcessingMethod             Undefined  14  charset=Unicode GPS

Registering an XMP namespace

For help with namespaces, see XMP namespaces.

Each XMP namespace has a prefix associated with it. For example, when modifying, this is declared using the string:

--Modify "reg myPrefix http://ns.myPrefix.me/"

When a non-standard group or tag belonging to that group is modified, the appropriate 'reg' 'modify' command must be included before that. For example, adding a myPic group with a weather tag and values:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "reg myPic http://ns.myPic.org/" --Modify "add Xmp.myPic.weather XmpBag Cloudy" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "reg myPic http://ns.myPic.org/" --Modify "set Xmp.myPic.weather XmpBag Sunny" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "reg myPic http://ns.myPic.org/" --Modify "set Xmp.myPic.weather XmpBag Hot" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep myPic Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.myPic.weather                            XmpBag      3  Cloudy, Sunny, Hot

Adding new XMP tags

Provided that an XMP's group is defined (see Registering an XMP namespace), new tags can be added by assigning values.

For example, to add a RatingInPercent tag to a built-in namespace and a Surname tag to a registered namespace:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmp.RatingInPercent XmpText 98" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "reg myPic http://ns.myPic.org/" --Modify "add Xmp.myPic.Weather XmpBag Hot" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep RatingInPercent --grep Weather Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.xmp.RatingInPercent                      XmpText     2  98
Xmp.myPic.Weather                            XmpBag      1  Hot

If adding an empty non XmpText tag, include the empty string as the value. This prevents an XmpText tag being created with the value set to the 'type'.

Setting an XMP LangAlt value

For the LangAlt format, see XMP LangAlt values. When setting a LangAlt tag, only one entry is allowed per modify.

For example, adding default and language/country entries:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "set Xmp.dc.description LangAlt Monument" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "set Xmp.dc.description LangAlt lang=de-DE das Monument" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep description Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.dc.description                           LangAlt     2  lang="x-default" Monument, lang="de-DE" das Monument

and adding a language and language/country entries:

$ exiv2 --Modify "set Xmp.dc.title LangAlt lang=en-US My holiday" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "set Xmp.dc.title LangAlt lang=fr Mes vacances" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep title Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.dc.title                                 LangAlt     2  lang="en-US" My holiday, lang="fr" Mes vacances

To remove a language specification, set the value to the empty string. For example:

$ exiv2 --Modify "set Xmp.dc.description lang=de-DE" Stonehenge.jpg

To remove all language specifications, delete the key. For example:

$ exiv2 --Modify "del Xmp.dc.description" Stonehenge.jpg

Setting an XMP struct value

For the format of XMP structs, see Exiv2 key syntax and XMP structs.

To create a struct, first set the base key to an empty version of an array type. This can be achieved by either stating the array type and using the empty string, or by using XmpText and stating the array type.

For example, both of the following set the Xmp.xmpMM.History tag to an empty XmpSeq:

--Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History XmpSeq \"\""
--Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History XmpText type=Seq"

Numbered keys plus name and action can then be added.

For example, setting the Xmp.xmpMM.History tag to record the file being converted from tiff to JPEG, then saved.

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History XmpSeq \"\"" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:action derived" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:converted tiff to jpeg, saved to new location" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:action saved" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:instanceID xmp.iid:89A4EB97412C88632107D659" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:when 2021-08-13T10:12:09+01:00" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:softwareAgent MySuperPhotoFixer 1.0" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep xmpMM Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.xmpMM.History                            XmpText     0  type="Seq"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]                         XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:action            XmpText     7  derived
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:converted         XmpText    35  tiff to jpeg, saved to new location
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]                         XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:action            XmpText     5  saved
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:instanceID        XmpText    32  xmp.iid:89A4EB97412C88632107D659
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:when              XmpText    25  2021-08-13T10:12:09+01:00
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:softwareAgent     XmpText    21  MySuperPhotoFixer 1.0

Nested arrays are permitted. For example, to add an additional XmpSeq to the first struct in the Xmp.xmpMM.History tag:

$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq XmpText type=Bag" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[1]/stEvt:action open a file" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[2]/stEvt:action convert" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --Modify "add Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[3]/stEvt:action save" Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --grep xmpMM Stonehenge.jpg
Xmp.xmpMM.History                            XmpText     0  type="Seq"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]                         XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:action            XmpText     7  derived
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:converted         XmpText    35  tiff to jpeg, saved to new location
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq             XmpText     0  type="Bag"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[1]          XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[1]/stEvt:action XmpText    11  open a file
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[2]          XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[2]/stEvt:action XmpText     7  convert
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[3]          XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[1]/stEvt:mySeq[3]/stEvt:action XmpText     4  save
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]                         XmpText     0  type="Struct"
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:action            XmpText     5  saved
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:instanceID        XmpText    32  xmp.iid:89A4EB97412C88632107D659
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:when              XmpText    25  2021-08-13T10:12:09+01:00
Xmp.xmpMM.History[2]/stEvt:softwareAgent     XmpText    21  MySuperPhotoFixer 1.0

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9.5 'Modify' command file

Commands for the 'modify' action can be read from a file. They are executed line-by-line, as though each command were passed to --Modify cmd on a single exiv2 line. In the file, any blank lines or additional white space is ignored and any lines beginning with a # are comments. When registering namespaces, place this in the file before the command to use it.

For help creating a command file from an existing file, see extracting modify commands.

For example, a cmd.txt file:

# Comments are ignored
add Xmp.dc.description LangAlt lang="x-default" Monument
set Xmp.dc.description LangAlt lang="de-DE" das Monument

# This command was generated from a file. Additional whitespace is ignored
set Xmp.xmp.Rating                               XmpText    0

# Additional whitespace is ignored
  del Iptc.Application2.Caption

# Use 'reg' before modifying any non-standard 'Group'
reg myPic https://ns.myPic.org/
set Xmp.myPic.weather Cloudy

would be run using:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --modify cmd.txt Stonehenge.jpg

For another example, see: https://www.exiv2.org/sample.html

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12 CONFIGURATION FILE

exiv2 can read an optional configuration file, which allows additional lens definitions to be added to translated output. On Unix-based systems (including Cygwin), this file is called .exiv2 and on Windows (including MinGW), exiv2.ini. The file is searched for first in the current directory, then in the home directory ($HOME on Unix-based systems, and %USERPROFILE% on Windows).

You can determine the name of the file and where it is searched for, with the command:

$ exiv2 --verbose --version --grep config_path
exiv2 1.0.0.9
config_path=/Users/rmills/.exiv2

The configuration file uses the Windows INI format (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INI_file) and has sections for each of the major camera manufactures: Canon, Minolta, Nikon, Olympus, Pentax and Sony. The configuration file definitions override any existing values.

For example, to add a new lens definition, first obtain the lensID for your camera:

$ curl --silent -O https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
$ exiv2 --print v --grep lens/i Stonehenge.jpg
0x0083 Nikon3       LensType           Byte       1  14
0x0084 Nikon3       Lens               Rational   4  180/10 2500/10 35/10 63/10
0x008b Nikon3       LensFStops         Undefined  4  55 1 12 0
0x000c NikonLd3     LensIDNumber       Byte       1  146
0x000d NikonLd3     LensFStops         Byte       1  55

Then using the 'LensIDNumber' value (i.e., 146), add the following text to the configuration file:

[nikon]
146=Robin's Sigma Lens

The text will now appear when the translated print option is used:

$ exiv2 --print t --grep lens/i Stonehenge.jpg
Exif.Nikon3.LensType                         Byte        1  D G VR
Exif.Nikon3.Lens                             Rational    4  18-250mm F3.5-6.3
Exif.Nikon3.LensFStops                       Undefined   4  4.58333
Exif.NikonLd3.LensIDNumber                   Byte        1  Robin's Sigma Lens
Exif.NikonLd3.LensFStops                     Byte        1  F4.6

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13 EXAMPLES

• exiv2 *.jpg
  Prints a summary of the Exif information for all the JPEG files in the current directory (the same as exiv2 print *.jpg). The summary is brief and does not use the Family.Group.Tagname format. See (--print mod).

• exiv2 --grep date/i https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg
  Prints the tags in https://www.exiv2.org/Stonehenge.jpg, where the key (see Exiv2 key syntax) contains the string date (/i searches case insensitive, see --grep str). When not including --print mod or --Print flgs, the default output becomes --print a (i.e., print all).

• exiv2 --print i image.jpg
  Prints the IPTC tags in image.jpg (see --print mod).

• exiv2 --Print IkytEX image.jpg
  Prints (with finer grained control) the Exif and XMP tags in image.jpg. The tag's key (see Exiv2 key syntax), type and translated value are displayed (see --Print flgs).

• exiv2 rename image.jpg
  Renames image.jpg (taken on 13-Nov-05 at 22:58:31) to 20051113_225831.jpg. See rename.

• exiv2 --rename ":basename:_%Y-%m" image.jpg
  Renames image.jpg using the basename (i.e., image) and values defined in iconv_open(3) to image_2005-11.jpg. The values for time and date are taken from the Exif tags. See --rename fmt).

• exiv2 --extract t image1.jpg image2.jpg
  Extracts (copies) the thumbnail from image1.jpg into image1-thumb.jpg and from image2.jpg into image2-thumb.jpg. See --extract tgt3.

• exiv2 --insert t image1.jpg image2.jpg
  Inserts (copies) thumbnails image1-thumb.jpg into image1.jpg and image2-thumb.jpg into image2.jpg. See --insert tgt2.

• exiv2 --extract p1,2 image.jpg
  Extracts (copies) previews 1 and 2 from image.jpg, into image-preview1.jpg and image-preview2.jpg. Use exiv2 --print p image.jpg to display a list of available previews for image.jpg. See --extract tgt3.

• exiv2 --extract X image.jpg
  Extracts (copies) metadata tags from image.jpg, into an XMP sidecar file, image.xmp. In the process, this converts selected Exif and IPTC tags to XMP tags. See --extract tgt3.

• exiv2 --insert X image.jpg
  Inserts (copies) metadata from an XMP sidecar file, image.xmp, into image.jpg. The resulting Exif and IPTC tags are converted from the equivalent XMP tags in the sidecar file. See --insert tgt2.

• exiv2 --extract X --Modify "add Xmp.dc.subject Sunset" image.jpg
  Extracts (copies) metadata tags from image.jpg, applies --Modify cmd to those tags and then saves in an XMP sidecar file, image.xmp. While saving, selected Exif and IPTC tags are converted to XMP tags. Multiple --Modify cmd and --modify cmdfile can be used. See --extract tgt3.

• exiv2 --extract X- image1.jpg | exiv2 --insert X- image2.jpg
  Extracts (copies) the image1.jpg metadata as XMP sidecar data and inserts it directly into image2.jpg. --Modify cmd and --modify cmdfile can also be added when extracting from image1.jpg. See --extract tgt3 and --insert tgt2.

• exiv2 delete image.jpg
  Deletes all the metadata in image.jpg. See delete.

• exiv2 --delete tC image.jpg
  Deletes the thumbnail and ICC profile in image.jpg. See --delete a.

• exiv2 --adjust 1:00:00 image.jpg
  Adjusts Exif timestamps in image.jpg, adding 1 hour. See --adjust time.

• exiv2 --Modify "set Exif.Photo.UserComment charset=Ascii New Exif comment" image.jpg
  Sets the Exif comment in image.jpg, to an Ascii string with the value New Exif comment. See --Modify cmd.

• exiv2 --Modify "set Exif.GPSInfo.GPSLatitude 4/1 15/1 33/1" image.jpg
exiv2 --Modify "set Exif.GPSInfo.GPSLatitudeRef N" image.jpg
  Sets the latitude to 4 degrees, 15 minutes and 33 seconds north in image.jpg. The Exif standard stipulates that the GPSLatitude tag consists of three Rational numbers for the degrees, minutes and seconds of the latitude and GPSLatitudeRef contains either 'N' or 'S' for north or south latitude respectively. See --Modify cmd. Both --Modify cmd options can be added to the same exiv2 command.

• exiv2 --Modify "reg myPic http://ns.myPic.org/" --Modify "add Xmp.myPic.Author Robin" Stonehenge.jpg
  Registers a new XMP namespace called http://ns.myPic.org/ and a new XMP group called myPic. This new Group has a new Author tag added to it. See --Modify cmd.

• exiv2 --location /tmp --suffix .CRW insert /data/*.JPG
  Copy all metadata from CRW files in the /tmp directory to JPG files with corresponding basenames in the /data directory. Note that this copies metadata as is, without any modifications to adapt it to the requirements of the target format. Some tags copied like this may not make sense in the target image. See --location dir and --suffix suf and insert.

• exiv2 fixiso image.jpg
  Adds the Exif ISO metadata (if missing) to image.jpg. This is for Nikon and Canon cameras only and copies the camera maker's value into the Exif tags. See fixiso.

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14 RETURN VALUE

0 if successful, otherwise a positive integer as error code.

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15 ENVIRONMENT

TZ

This is the timezone to use when adjusting for daylight savings time (DST) and affects the changing of the time and date (e.g., when adjusting or renaming). See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones for a list of valid values to use. The variable is not set by default for Windows and an attempt is made to obtain the timezone from the OS. If this fails, the DST rules for the United States are used. This can be corrected by defining TZ.

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16 NOTES

Description	Location
Exiv2 wiki	https://exiv2.org
Exiv2 book	https://www.exiv2.org/book/index.html

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17 BUGS

Report bugs to: https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/issues

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18 COPYRIGHT

The Exiv2 project is released under the GNU GPLv2 license: https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/COPYING

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19 AUTHORS

exiv2 was written by Andreas Huggel and others.

Exiv2 github contributors: https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/graphs/contributors

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20 SEE ALSO

curl(1), xmllint(1), iconv_open(3), strftime(3),

Description	Location
Exiv2 project website	https://exiv2.org
Exiv2 source code	https://github.com/exiv2/exiv2
ICC Profiles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_profile
Exiv2 'modify' action examples	https://exiv2.org/sample.html#modify
All Exiv2 tags	https://exiv2.org/metadata.html
Exiv2 README	https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README.md
Exiv2 sample programs	https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/blob/main/README-SAMPLES.md
Exiv2 downloads	https://www.exiv2.org/download.html
Exiv2 wiki	https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/wiki
Exiv2 book	https://www.exiv2.org/book/index.html
APEX Exposure values	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEX_system
XMP keys	https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMPSDKReleasecc-2020/XMPSpecificationPart2.pdf#G4.1128133
XMP structs	https://wwwimages2.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMP%20SDK%20Release%20cc-2016-08/XMPSpecificationPart1.pdf
International Language Codes	https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt
Windows INI format	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INI_file
TZ Environment variable values	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones
Exiv2 GitHub contributors	https://github.com/Exiv2/exiv2/graphs/contributors

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